Ecological security risk assessment of underground space utilization in valley cities in cold and arid regions: A case study of Ledu District, Haidong City, Qinghai Province
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摘要:
研究目的 针对寒旱区河谷型城市因地下空间利用引发的地下水位上升造成的农田生态区土地盐碱化、城镇生态区建筑破坏等生态地质安全问题，为解决此类问题探索生态地质安全风险评价理论方法。
研究方法 在收集已有相关资料基础上，开展了研究区地质钻探、岩土工程测试、抽水试验、生态地质观测等研究。运用水文地质等理论方法，分析了生态地质安全风险的成因机理。
研究结果 提出了人居、农田和林草等3类生态系统地质安全风险评价方法，建立了评价指标体系和标准，评价了海东乐都区生态系统地质安全风险。地下空间利用现状情景下，高风险区主要分布于引胜沟口、岗子沟口、峰堆沟口及其地下水影响范围内的高层建筑城镇区，中风险区主要分布于I、II级阶地低洼地带；如再沿湟水河岸建地下铁路情景下，高风险、中风险区比地下空间现状情景下有所扩大。
结论 此3类生态地质安全风险评价方法很有效。两种情景下都会诱发3类生态系统的地质安全风险，后一情景下造成的风险更高，影响的范围更大。需对重点地带适时监测，并运用地下水疏排技术等措施防范风险。
Abstract:This paper is the result of urban geological survey engineering.
Objectives This paper aimed at investigating solutions of eco−geological security issues caused by rising groundwater level due to the utilization of underground space in valley cities in cold and arid regions, such as soil salinization in farmland ecological zone and building damage in urban ecological zone.
Methods On the basis of relevant data collection, geological drilling, geotechnical engineering test, pumping test and eco−geological observation were carried out. The genetic mechanism of eco−geological security risk was analyzed by using hydrogeological and other theoretical methods.
Results The geological security risk assessment approaches for 3 types of ecosystems, including human habitation, farmland, forest−grass, were proposed, and the evaluation index system and standards were established. The eco−geological security risk in Ledu District of Haidong city were evaluated. The results showed that, under the current situation of underground space utilization, the high−risk areas were mainly distributed in mouth areas of Yinsheng Gully, Gangzi Gully, Fengdui Gully and other high−rise building urban areas influenced by groundwater; the medium−risk areas were mainly distributed in the low−lying areas of grade I and II terraces. Under the scenario of building an underground railway along the bank of Huangshui River, the high−risk and medium−risk areas would be expanded compared with the current situation of underground space.
Conclusions The proposed three evaluation approaches for eco−geological security risk were proven to be effective. Both scenarios would induce the geological security risk for all three ecosystems, with the latter scenario posing higher risks and wider impacts. The key areas should be monitored periodically, and techniques such as groundwater drainage be used to prevent risks.
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表 1 各类土层地下水毛细水上升高度
Table 1. Rising height of capillary water of groundwater in various soil
土类 冲洪积黄土（粉土） 风积黄土（粉土） 冲洪积砂砾卵石土 冲积砂卵砾石 洪积碎石土 冰水沉积卵砾土 上升高度/Hm 1.182 0.952 0.282 0.018 0.036 0.366 
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表 2 地下水位上升林草生态系统地质安全风险评判标准
Table 2. Assessment criteria on risk of eco-geological safety of forest and grass ecosystems based on groundwater level rising
土层类型 用于风险级别的地下水位埋深值/m 高风险 中风险 低风险 冲洪积黄土（粉土） <1.98 1.98~2.88 >2.88 风积黄土（粉土） <1.75 1.75~2.65 >2.65 冲洪积砂砾卵石土 <1.08 1.08~1.98 >1.98 冲积砂卵砾石 <0.82 0.82~1.72 >1.72 洪积碎石土 <0.83 0.83~1.74 >1.74 冰水沉积卵砾土 <1.17 1.17~2.07 >2.07
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表 3 地下水位上升农田生态系统地质安全风险评判标准
Table 3. Assessment criteria on risk of eco−geological safety of farmland ecosystems based on groundwater level rising
农田土壤类型 用于风险级别的地下水位埋深值/m 高风险 中风险 低风险 冲洪积黄土（粉土） <1.78 1.78~2.48 >2.48 风积黄土（粉土） <1.55 1.55~2.25 >2.25 冲洪积砂砾卵石土 <0.88 0.88~1.58 >1.58 冲积砂卵砾石 <0.62 0.62~1.32 >1.32 洪积碎石土 <0.63 0.63~1.34 >1.34 冰水沉积卵砾土 <0.96 0.96~1.67 >1.67
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表 4 人居生态系统地质安全风险评判标准
Table 4. Risk assessment criteria for eco-geological safety of urban ecosystems
地质安全风险因素情况 同时满足下列前3个条件或第4个条件：
1.位于较大的湟水河谷支沟口及其影响地区；
2.线性地下工程（包括条形地下墙等）长轴方向与支沟地下水流向大角度相交，或地下工程及其组合明显地改变了地下水流向或径流途径；
3.地下工程或其组合的大部分在垂向剖面上截住了地下含水层截面面积；
4.评价区域地面与地下工程处地面高程差小于1 m。同时满足下列前2个条件或第3个条件：
1.在河谷支沟地下水影响范围外；
2.地面多层及以上建筑物较多或地下管廊等线性地下工程分布区；
3.评价区域地面与地下工程处地面高程差在1~5 m。满足下列条件之一：
1.地面多层及以上建筑物较少或地下管廊很少分布区；
2.包气带低渗透性土体（黄土、红黏土或粉质黏土等）厚度大于5 m的建筑居住区；
3.评价区域地面高程比地下工程处地面高5 m以上。风险等级 高风险 中风险 低风险
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