Distribution characteristics and risk assessment of antimony and arsenic contamination in soils of different functional areas of typical antimony smelting sites
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摘要:
研究目的 我国拥有世界上最丰富的锑（Sb）资源，近些年来锑及其伴生的砷污染已成为我国的典型环境问题。本文聚焦研究锑冶炼地块污染物的垂向以及不同功能区分布特征，试图对阐明锑冶炼行业的土壤污染风险提供帮助。
研究方法 本文通过采集四处典型的锑冶炼厂各重点功能区不同深度的土壤样品，对比分析了土壤 Sb、As在不同功能区污染水平的差异化特征以及垂向上污染物含量的累积迁移情况。并采用单项污染指数法探究表层土壤 Sb 及As在不同功能区受污染程度，同时根据重金属 Sb、As 的毒性响应系数，对潜在生态风险的分级标准进行合理调整，分析表层土壤Sb、As 的生态风险。
研究结果 土壤Sb和As含量在垂向上均表现为表层＞中层＞深层，并且表层土壤Sb和As含量均属于强变异等级。不同功能区Sb、As含量的差异明显，总体表现为储存区＞废水治理区＞生产区，随着深度的增加，Sb含量均值在三大功能区均超标，但是As含量均值到中层仅在储存区超标，到深层便不存在超标。Sb和As在三大功能区的污染水平及生态风险均为储存区＞废水治理区＞生产区，且污染风险最大值点位均位于储存区，Sb 在三大功能区均是重度污染点位占比最高处于极强的生态风险，As在三大功能区除储存区外，废水治理区和生产区均是清洁、尚清洁点位占比大处于中强度生态风险。
结论 锑冶炼地块多年的人为生产经营活动，引起了表层土壤Sb和As的严重污染富集。垂向上来看Sb是首要污染物，并且污染超标已迁移至中深层，其伴生元素As的污染水平尚可接受主要集中在表层；三大功能区中储存区是污染水平、生态风险最高的区域，但若一旦发生污染，同时也需要关注废水治理区。
Abstract:This paper is the result of environmental geological survey engineering.
Objective China has the richest antimony (Sb) resources all over the world. In recent years, antimony and its associated arsenic pollution have become a typical environmental problem in our country. This paper focuses on the vertical distribution and the distribution characteristics in different functional areas of pollutants in the antimony smelting site, aiming to provide assistance in clarifying the soil pollution risks of the antimony smelting industry.
Methods This paper presents the results of a study conducted to investigate the differentiated characteristics of soil antimony (Sb) and arsenic (As) pollution levels in different functional areas and the cumulative migration of pollutant contents in the vertical direction. Soil samples were collected at different depths from four typical antimony smelting plants in different key functional areas. The single pollution index method was employed to ascertain the pollution degree of surface soil Sb and As in different functional areas. In order to analyse the ecological risk of surface soil Sb and As, the grading standard for potential ecological risk was adjusted in a reasonable manner according to the toxicity response coefficients of heavy metals Sb and As.
Results The soil Sb and As contents exhibited a vertical distribution, with the highest concentrations observed in the surface layer, followed by the middle layer and finally the deep layer. Furthermore, the Sb and As contents in the surface layer exhibited high variability. The varies of Sb and As contents in different functional areas is obvious, and the overall performance is storage area > wastewater treatment area > production area.As the depth increased, the average Sb content exceeded the standard in all three functional zones. However, the average As content exceeded the standard only in the storage area of the middle layer and did not exceed the standard in the deep layer. The pollution level and ecological risk of Sb and As in the three functional zones were as follows: storage area > wastewater treatment area > production area, moreover, the maximum value of pollution risk was in the storage area. As for Sb, heavy pollution points accounted for the highest ration in three functional zones, and the ecological risk is “extremely strong”.As for As, the proportion of “clean”/ “not yet clean” is considerable in three functional zones exception for storage area, and the ecological risk in the wastewater treatment area and the production area is “medium”.
Conclusions Years of anthropogenic production and operation activities at the antimony smelting site have resulted in significant pollution and enrichment of Sb and As in the surface layer of soil. A vertical view of the data reveals that Sb is the primary pollutant, with pollution levels exceeding the standard migrating to the middle and deep layers. The pollution level of its accompanying element, As, is still acceptable, with the majority concentrated in the surface layer. In the three functional areas, the storage area owns the highest level of pollution and ecological risk. Additionally, the wastewater treatment area should be concerned in case of the pollution occurs.
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表 1 潜在生态风险指数分级标准
Table 1. Grading criteria for the potential ecological risk index
潜在生态风险 轻度 中度 较强 很强 极强 $ \mathop E\nolimits_r^i $ ＜10 10~20 20~40 40~60 ≧60 
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表 2 土壤Sb、As描述性统计分析
Table 2. Descriptive statistical analysis of Sb and As in soil
项目 层位 均值 中位数 标准差 范围 变异系数 筛选值 超标率% 管制值 超标率% 垂向 Sb 总体 5420.63 892 15599.48 10.8~122471 2.88 180 73 360 68 表层 13027.44 2920 25266.12 44~122471 1.94 96 96 中层 2581.48 967 4306.71 20.1~17500 1.67 80 80 深层 652.96 63.9 1813.72 10.8~9070 2.78 44 22 As 总体 123.37 36.3 280.04 7.68~2195 2.27 60 60 140 22 表层 246.9 106 444.96 11.8~2195 1.80 64 44 中层 89.61 32.9 129.58 11.6~653 1.45 44 20 深层 33.6 18.7 39.36 7.68~197 1.17 12 4 注：Sb和As的筛选值、管制值参考《土壤环境质量 建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准（试行）》（GB 36600—2018）中的第二类用地（工业用地）标准值，其均值、中位数、标准差、范围、筛选值、管制值的单位均为mg/kg。
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表 3 不同功能区表层土壤Sb、As单因子污染指数统计
Table 3. Statistics of single−factor pollution index of Sb and As in surface soil of different functional areas
项目 功能区（点位数） 单因子污染指数 范围 清洁 尚清洁 轻度污染 中度污染 重度污染 Sb 总体（25） 72.37 0.24~680.39 1 1 1 1 21 储存区（8） 123.74 2.89~680.39 / / 1 / 7 废水治理区（7） 59.62 5.78~246.87 / / / / 7 生产区（10） 40.21 0.24~154.44 1 1 / 1 7 As 总体（25） 4.12 0.2~36.58 9 5 1 6 4 储存区（8） 8.76 2.47~36.58 / / 1 5 2 废水治理区（7） 2.11 0.2~7.52 4 1 / 1 1 生产区（10） 1.81 0.32~9.52 5 4 / / 1
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表 4 不同功能区表层土壤Sb、As生态风险指数统计
Table 4. Ecological risk index statistics of Sb and As in surface soil of different functional areas
项目 功能区（点位数） 均值 范围 表层土壤样品各级生态风险样品数 轻度 中度 较强 很强 极强 Sb 总体（25） 506.62 1.71~4762.76 2 2 3 18 储存区（8） 866.16 20.18~4762.76 1 7 废水治理区（7） 417.34 40.44~1728.07 1 6 生产区（10） 281.49 1.71~1081.11 2 1 2 5 As 总体（25） 41.15 1.97~365.83 9 5 5 2 4 储存区（8） 87.56 24.67~365.83 4 2 2 废水治理区（7） 21.1 1.97~75.17 4 1 1 1 生产区（10） 18.06 3.22~95.17 5 4 1
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