Chronology, geochemistry, petrogenesis and tectonic setting of Chaganhake granitic pegmatite in North Qaidam
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摘要:
研究目的 厘定查干哈克花岗伟晶岩的形成时代、成因和构造环境对于青藏高原北缘古特提斯洋演化与稀有金属成矿作用研究具有重要意义。
研究方法 对花岗伟晶岩及其围岩黑云正长花岗岩分别开展了独居石和锆石U−Pb定年，以及岩石地球化学研究。
研究结果 花岗伟晶岩独居石U−Pb年龄为250.4±0.7 Ma(MSWD=0.1, n=27)，黑云正长花岗岩锆石U−Pb年龄为374.3±8.5 Ma(MSWD=0.15，n=8)。花岗伟晶岩具有高硅、碱、铝，低钛的特征，A/CNK值为1.15~1.32，稀土元素含量很低，呈现轻稀土元素弱富集的右倾配分模式，Eu强烈亏损，δEu为0.07~0.18，具有M型稀土元素四分组效应，强烈富集Rb、K、U、P，强烈亏损Ba、Sr和Ti，中等富集高场强元素Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf；黑云母正长花岗岩富硅、钾，贫钛，A/CNK值为1.13~1.32，稀土元素含量中等，呈现轻稀土元素强烈富集的右倾配分模式，Eu亏损明显，δEu为0.19~0.32，强烈富集Rb、K、Th，强烈亏损Sr、P和Ti。
结论 年代学和地球化学结果表明，花岗伟晶岩与黑云正长花岗岩不具成因联系。结合区域地质背景认为，柴北缘西段查干哈克花岗伟晶岩不同于宗务隆花岗伟晶岩，宗务隆花岗伟晶岩是古特提斯洋大陆边缘增生造山和碰撞造山过程中形成的花岗岩经高分异演化而成，而查干哈克花岗伟晶岩形成于早三叠世古特提斯洋俯冲环境下的柴达木地块大陆内部，是大陆内部挤压混合岩化过程中达肯大坂岩群小比例部分熔融的产物，具有铌钽矿成矿潜力。
Abstract:Objective The determination of the formation age, petrogenesis, and tectonic environment of Chaganhake granite pegmatite is of great significance for the study of the evolution of the Paleo−Tethyan and the metallogenesis of rare metals in the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.
Methods In this paper, monazite U−Pb dating and zircon U−Pb dating have been carried out for granite pegmatite and its surrounding rocks, and their geochemistry has been studied.
Results The results show that the monazite U−Pb age of granite pegmatite is 250.4±0.7 Ma(MSWD=0.1, n=27), while the zircon U−Pb age of biotitite syenogranite is 374.3±8.5 Ma(MSWD=0.15, n=8). The granite pegatite is characterized by high Si, alkali, Al and low Ti, with A/CNK value of 1.15 to 1.32 and low rare earth element contents, showing a right−leaning partition pattern with weak enrichment of light rare earth elements (LREE), strong Eu deficit, δEu of 0.07 to 0.18, showing a four−group effect of M−type rare earth elements, significant enrichment of Rb, K, U and P, strong depletion of Ba, Sr and Ti, moderate enrichment of high field strength elements(HFSE) Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf. Biotite synenite granite is rich in Si, K, and poor Ti, with A/CNK value of 1.13 to 1.32 and moderate rare earth element contents, showing a right−leaning partition pattern of strong enrichment of LREE, obvious Eu deficit, δEu of 0.19 to 0.32, strong enrichment of Rb, K, Th, and strong depletion of Sr, P and Ti.
Conclusions Combined with the regional geological background, it is believed that the Chaganhake granite pegmatite in the western part of the North Qaidam margin is different from the Zongwulong granite pegmatite. The Zongwulong granite pegmatite evolved from the granite formed in the process of accretionary orogeny and collision orogeny of the Paleo−Tethys Ocean continental margin through high differentiation, while the Chaganhake granite pegmatite was formed in the continental interior of the Qaidam block under the Paleo−Tethys Ocean subduction environment of the Early Triassic. It is the product of small proportion partial melting of the Dakendaban rock group during the process of extrusion migmatization within the continent, and has the metallogenic potential of niobium−tantalum deposit.
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Key words:
- chronology /
- geochemistry /
- petrogenesis; tectonic setting /
- granite-pegmatite /
- biotitite syenogranite /
- Chaganhake /
- North Qaidam
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图 4 查干哈克花岗伟晶岩和黑云正长花岗岩SiO2−(Na2O+K2O)图解(a, 底图据Le Maitre, 1989)和A/CNK-A/NK图解(b, 底图据Richter, 1989)
Figure 4.
图 5 花岗伟晶岩、黑云正长花岗岩稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分图(a)和微量元素原始地幔标准化蛛网图(b)(标准化数值据Sun and McDonough, 1989)
Figure 5.
图 11 查干哈克花岗伟晶岩Y-Nb（a，底图据Pearce et al., 1984）、Yb-Ta（b，底图据Pearce et al., 1984）、Rb/30-Hf-3*Ta（c，底图据Harris et al., 1986）和R1-R2（d，底图据Batchelor et al.，1985）图解
Figure 11.
表 1 查干哈克花岗伟晶岩与黑云正长花岗岩主量、微量元素含量及有关参数
Table 1. Major, trace elements and parameter of the granitic pegmatites and biotite syenogranites in Chaganhake
元素 花岗伟晶岩 黑云正长花岗岩 21CGD
104N1-121CGD
104N1-221CGD
104N1-321CGD
104N1-421CGD
104N1-521CGD
109N2-221CGD
109N2-321CGD
109N2-421CGD
109N2-5SiO2 73.65 74.59 73.34 72.37 74.49 72.75 71.83 71.55 69.86 TiO2 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.22 0.18 0.18 0.24 Al2O3 15.70 15.18 16.07 16.51 14.90 14.47 15.20 15.38 16.20 Fe2O3 0.21 0.33 0.22 0.71 0.29 0.40 0.40 0.37 0.57 FeO 0.65 0.46 0.56 0.56 0.27 1.42 1.15 1.25 1.44 MnO 0.10 0.07 0.09 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 MgO 0.10 0.10 0.04 0.20 0.37 0.48 0.40 0.49 1.06 CaO 1.04 0.65 1.01 0.55 0.41 1.28 1.41 1.08 1.12 Na2O 5.81 4.56 5.95 4.36 3.44 2.90 3.10 2.99 2.51 K2O 2.07 3.44 2.04 4.01 5.25 5.25 5.36 5.97 5.68 P2O5 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.10 0.11 0.08 0.13 0.05 0.22 烧失量 0.49 0.47 0.50 0.50 0.38 0.53 0.65 0.50 0.85 总计 99.91 99.93 99.93 99.92 99.95 99.79 99.82 99.82 99.79 Q 29.41 33.45 28.64 30.36 33.28 31.84 29.52 27.73 29.58 An 4.67 2.72 4.52 2.1 1.32 5.95 6.29 5.16 4.23 Ab 49.44 38.79 50.64 37.16 29.25 24.72 26.45 25.47 21.46 Or 12.3 20.44 12.13 23.87 31.17 31.25 31.93 35.51 33.92 R1 2347 2536 2286 2314 2509 2552 2403 2275 2399 R2 427 374 428 395 356 448 473 444 495 σ 2.02 2.02 2.10 2.38 2.39 2.23 2.47 2.8 2.48 K2O+Na2O 7.88 8.00 7.99 8.37 8.69 8.15 8.46 8.96 8.19 K2O/Na2O 0.36 0.75 0.34 0.92 1.53 1.81 1.73 2.00 2.26 A/NK 1.33 1.35 1.34 1.43 1.31 1.38 1.39 1.35 1.58 A/CNK 1.15 1.22 1.16 1.32 1.23 1.13 1.13 1.15 1.32 La 2.07 1.99 2.75 2.55 1.96 46.0 40.6 51.0 58.5 Ce 3.89 3.45 4.48 5.27 3.83 88.8 78.9 98.8 113 Pr 0.43 0.46 0.61 0.65 0.49 10.0 9.00 11.2 13.0 Nd 1.45 1.44 1.97 2.18 1.62 35.7 31.8 39.1 46.0 Sm 0.56 0.55 0.76 0.90 0.70 7.26 6.29 7.74 9.20 Eu 0.025 0.032 0.028 0.023 0.014 0.63 0.64 0.61 0.54 Gd 0.57 0.49 0.64 0.75 0.53 6.47 5.72 6.56 8.11 Tb 0.14 0.11 0.15 0.15 0.089 0.74 0.63 0.62 0.84 Dy 0.89 0.67 0.91 0.81 0.42 3.09 2.70 1.98 3.30 Ho 0.15 0.10 0.14 0.11 0.05 0.45 0.39 0.25 0.48 Er 0.44 0.27 0.45 0.29 0.13 1.09 1.01 0.57 1.18 Tm 0.077 0.052 0.074 0.044 0.020 0.11 0.11 0.049 0.12 Yb 0.58 0.43 0.58 0.33 0.15 0.67 0.65 0.33 0.82 Lu 0.069 0.053 0.069 0.039 0.019 0.079 0.077 0.044 0.098 Y 7.59 5.73 7.90 5.87 3.10 20.1 17.6 10.2 20.7 ΣREE 11.34 10.10 13.61 14.10 10.02 201.1 178.5 218.9 255.1 LREE/HREE 2.89 3.64 3.52 4.59 6.12 14.83 14.82 20.04 16.07 (La/Yb)N 2.56 3.32 3.40 5.54 9.37 49.24 44.83 110.92 51.13 δEu 0.13 0.18 0.12 0.08 0.07 0.28 0.32 0.25 0.19 δCe 0.96 0.85 0.81 0.98 0.93 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.96 Rb 137 270 154 306 455 319 325 314 361 Ba 10.9 9.62 8.82 47.9 6.26 257 330 312 215 Th 0.79 0.71 0.95 0.89 0.65 15.5 13.0 16.9 20.3 U 0.68 0.45 0.75 0.45 0.31 1.93 2.02 1.65 2.05 Ta 2.25 0.079 0.75 0.12 0.16 2.26 2.27 1.82 2.78 Nb 21.6 0.74 7.14 1.09 1.51 21.8 21.8 17.5 26.7 Sr 8.36 6.89 10.6 6.37 6.36 88.0 90.9 87.8 70.9 Zr 26.6 31.9 26.6 14.4 11.3 162 139 170 192 Hf 1.00 1.16 0.99 0.41 0.31 3.40 2.91 3.48 3.96 Li 19.3 15.7 16.5 11.9 6.40 40.1 36.9 28.6 54.8 Be 4.63 3.73 4.65 2.75 1.72 0.98 1.28 1.04 2.15 Sc 17.0 16.8 20.0 16.5 14.7 18.1 20.6 19.5 18.3 Cs 1.97 3.21 1.75 9.11 8.95 13.3 12.2 10.6 19.6 注：测试单位为北京燕都中实测试技术有限公司；比值单位为1；A/NK=n(Al2O3)/n(Na2O+K2O)(mol)；A/CNK=n(Al2O3)/n(CaO+Na2O+K2O)(mol)；AR=(Al2O3+CaO+Na2O+K2O)/ (Al2O3+ CaO-Na2O-K2O)；δEu=(2*Eu岩/Eu球)/(Sm岩/Sm球+Gd岩/Gd球) ；δCe=(2*Ce岩/Ce球)/(La岩/La球+Pr岩/Pr球)；R1= 4Si−11(Na+K)−2(Fe+Ti)；R2=6Ca+2 Mg+Al；主量元素含量单位为%，微量元素含量单位为10−6 
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表 2 查干哈克花岗伟晶岩独居石LA–ICP–MS U–Th–Pb同位素数据
Table 2. LA-ICP-MS U-Th-Pb isotopic analyses of monazite from the granitic pegmatite in Chaganhake
测点 元素含量/10−6 同位素比值 表面年龄/Ma U Th Pb 207Pb/206Pb 1σ 207Pb/235U 1σ 206Pb/238U 1σ 207Pb/206Pb 1σ 207Pb/235U 1σ 206Pb/238U 1σ 1 48000 56300 2327 0.05101 0.00035 0.28025 0.00272 0.03975 0.00034 242 16 251 2 251 2 2 58900 57500 2801 0.05120 0.00023 0.28109 0.00200 0.03974 0.00028 250 10 252 2 251 2 3 19800 127000 2021 0.05126 0.00027 0.27938 0.00196 0.03947 0.00026 253 12 250 2 250 2 4 48900 63200 2467 0.05104 0.00021 0.27777 0.00158 0.03942 0.00021 243 10 249 1 249 1 5 30400 130000 2455 0.05085 0.00019 0.27860 0.00167 0.03968 0.00023 234 9 250 1 251 1 6 24400 113000 2054 0.05136 0.00021 0.28018 0.00177 0.03952 0.00023 257 10 251 1 250 1 7 18600 108000 1798 0.05111 0.00032 0.28091 0.00218 0.03979 0.00027 246 14 251 2 252 2 8 18200 125000 1940 0.05103 0.00027 0.27872 0.00223 0.03952 0.00027 242 12 250 2 250 2 9 22500 107000 1928 0.05100 0.00020 0.27869 0.00181 0.03957 0.00023 241 9 250 1 250 1 10 29100 112000 2233 0.05102 0.00022 0.27844 0.00179 0.03953 0.00025 242 10 249 1 250 2 11 17300 131000 1986 0.05122 0.00025 0.28029 0.00201 0.03965 0.00026 251 11 251 2 251 2 12 46400 92600 2652 0.05051 0.00026 0.27668 0.00232 0.03965 0.00030 219 12 248 2 251 2 13 15900 110000 1718 0.05582 0.00055 0.32052 0.00456 0.04147 0.00043 445 22 282 4 262 3 14 27200 133000 2350 0.05090 0.00028 0.27788 0.00198 0.03956 0.00026 236 13 249 2 250 2 15 28600 125000 2332 0.05123 0.00022 0.28047 0.00201 0.03968 0.00028 251 10 251 2 251 2 16 31100 76300 1923 0.05083 0.00030 0.27781 0.00249 0.03958 0.00030 233 14 249 2 250 2 17 35900 101000 2355 0.05095 0.00021 0.27914 0.00201 0.03970 0.00026 238 9 250 2 251 2 18 19700 127000 2019 0.05105 0.00024 0.27909 0.00225 0.03961 0.00029 243 11 250 2 250 2 19 19000 102000 1730 0.05119 0.00020 0.27955 0.00244 0.03956 0.00031 249 9 250 2 250 2 20 39500 101000 2492 0.05096 0.00020 0.27869 0.00214 0.03961 0.00026 239 9 250 2 250 2 21 58400 135000 3475 0.05085 0.00027 0.27823 0.00307 0.03964 0.00037 234 12 249 2 251 2 22 16100 123000 1855 0.05146 0.00027 0.28146 0.00258 0.03967 0.00033 262 12 252 2 251 2 23 27100 116000 2176 0.05112 0.00025 0.27952 0.00243 0.03963 0.00030 246 11 250 2 251 2 24 31300 43500 1593 0.05064 0.00026 0.27693 0.00297 0.03962 0.00035 225 12 248 2 251 2 25 22300 100000 1884 0.05068 0.00023 0.27677 0.00251 0.03962 0.00035 226 10 248 2 251 2 26 18400 122000 1893 0.05125 0.00024 0.27957 0.00280 0.03957 0.00037 252 11 250 2 250 2 27 22000 104000 1794 0.05189 0.00045 0.28387 0.00414 0.03968 0.00054 281 20 254 3 251 3 28 23400 106000 1961 0.05123 0.00023 0.27957 0.00277 0.03961 0.00039 251 10 250 2 250 2 29 19900 92300 1682 0.05290 0.00035 0.29111 0.00348 0.03990 0.00040 324 15 259 3 252 3 30 18300 119000 1921 0.05280 0.00026 0.29355 0.00319 0.04033 0.00042 320 11 261 3 255 3
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表 3 查干哈克黑云正长花岗岩锆石LA–ICP–MS U–Th–Pb同位素数据
Table 3. LA-ICP-MS U-Th-Pb isotopic analyses of zircon from the biotite syenogranite in Chaganhake
测点 元素含量/10−6 同位素比值 表面年龄/Ma U Th Pb 207Pb/206Pb 1σ 207Pb/235U 1σ 206Pb/238U 1σ 207Pb/206Pb 1σ 207Pb/235U 1σ 206Pb/238U 1σ 1 457 223 121 0.0816 0.0008 2.3476 0.0303 0.2083 0.0019 1235 19 1227 9 1220 10 2 2176 525 133 0.0533 0.0015 0.3914 0.0045 0.0526 0.0004 343 65 335 3 331 2 3 1440 668 108 0.0542 0.0013 0.4595 0.0100 0.0607 0.0007 389 52 384 7 380 5 4 487 260 179 0.1596 0.0017 6.7465 0.2175 0.3017 0.0082 2452 17 2079 29 1700 41 5 2830 47 171 0.0533 0.0012 0.4012 0.0045 0.0545 0.0004 343 45 343 3 342 2 6 680 222 47 0.0568 0.0026 0.4195 0.0128 0.0551 0.0013 483 100 356 9 346 8 7 3150 40 203 0.0568 0.0006 0.4629 0.0076 0.0591 0.0005 485 25 386 5 370 3 8 1464 355 174 0.0610 0.0007 0.8714 0.0157 0.1037 0.0013 638 26 636 8 636 7 9 2736 131 183 0.0550 0.0006 0.4655 0.0063 0.0612 0.0005 413 24 388 4 383 3 10 1174 440 147 0.0624 0.0012 0.8677 0.0106 0.1003 0.0007 687 36 634 6 616 4 11 2453 918 171 0.0554 0.0006 0.4544 0.0051 0.0593 0.0003 432 24 380 4 371 2 12 437 140 93 0.0984 0.0010 2.6140 0.0542 0.1914 0.0033 1594 19 1305 15 1129 18 13 1796 976 144 0.0556 0.0006 0.4566 0.0056 0.0594 0.0005 435 24 382 4 372 3 14 2017 527 133 0.0517 0.0022 0.4588 0.0093 0.0614 0.0010 333 98 383 6 384 6 15 492 360 73 0.0673 0.0009 1.2890 0.0348 0.1377 0.0031 856 27 841 15 832 18 16 2720 85 179 0.0551 0.0007 0.4588 0.0062 0.0602 0.0005 417 28 383 4 377 3 17 3360 115 207 0.0548 0.0006 0.4249 0.0052 0.0560 0.0004 467 19 360 4 351 2 18 473 235 41 0.0555 0.0020 0.5256 0.0122 0.0680 0.0005 432 80 429 8 424 3 19 1323 288 91 0.0548 0.0014 0.4609 0.0057 0.0608 0.0005 406 59 385 4 380 3 20 541 193 147 0.1004 0.0010 3.0455 0.0666 0.2180 0.0038 1631 19 1419 17 1271 20 21 3663 974 197 0.0539 0.0011 0.3549 0.0043 0.0478 0.0003 365 45 308 3 301 2 22 1003 184 70 0.0552 0.0006 0.4774 0.0091 0.0624 0.0010 420 31 396 6 390 6 23 2351 150 159 0.0556 0.0006 0.4634 0.0056 0.0602 0.0005 435 24 387 4 377 3 24 1220 86 98 0.0562 0.0018 0.5526 0.0074 0.0708 0.0006 461 72 447 5 441 4 25 4380 1289 218 0.0519 0.0017 0.3464 0.0048 0.0474 0.0006 283 78 302 4 299 4 26 1288 307 165 0.0621 0.0015 0.9171 0.0109 0.1064 0.0009 680 49 661 6 652 5 27 280 144 48 0.0659 0.0008 1.2317 0.0151 0.1351 0.0008 803 19 815 7 817 5 28 1151 96 120 0.0774 0.0018 1.5607 0.1043 0.1342 0.0071 1131 46 955 41 812 40 29 1726 128 122 0.0550 0.0009 0.4639 0.0081 0.0612 0.0004 411 35 387 5 383 2 30 3020 120 196 0.0552 0.0007 0.4454 0.0052 0.0584 0.0004 420 31 374 4 366 3 31 1280 204 89 0.0534 0.0014 0.4456 0.0062 0.0602 0.0005 346 90 374 4 377 3 32 1582 98 108 0.0554 0.0007 0.4612 0.0058 0.0601 0.0005 432 −5 385 4 376 3 33 1351 378 147 0.0586 0.0011 0.7148 0.0138 0.0884 0.0012 553 39 548 8 546 7 34 3473 348 198 0.0546 0.0006 0.3856 0.0048 0.0512 0.0004 396 24 331 3 322 3 35 1727 1499 89 0.0531 0.0019 0.3217 0.0056 0.0447 0.0007 332 79 283 4 282 4 36 1043 414 94 0.0923 0.0015 1.0248 0.0247 0.0797 0.0013 1473 30 716 12 494 8 37 1385 607 135 0.0573 0.0007 0.6212 0.0080 0.0786 0.0005 505 27 491 5 488 3 38 3205 396 183 0.0535 0.0021 0.3823 0.0050 0.0518 0.0007 349 87 329 4 326 5 39 271 104 25 0.0554 0.0009 0.5673 0.0108 0.0741 0.0007 428 37 456 7 461 4 40 432 71 34 0.0556 0.0011 0.5216 0.0081 0.0678 0.0006 435 43 426 5 423 4 41 1075 322 77 0.0554 0.0006 0.4498 0.0065 0.0588 0.0007 428 −6 377 5 368 4 42 3657 69 228 0.0544 0.0012 0.4180 0.0050 0.0556 0.0005 391 50 355 4 349 3 43 1818 1398 136 0.0542 0.0006 0.4505 0.0077 0.0602 0.0008 381 25 378 5 377 5 44 435 244 103 0.0795 0.0007 2.1409 0.0284 0.1947 0.0021 1187 19 1162 9 1147 11 45 707 537 99 0.0619 0.0007 0.9321 0.0127 0.1093 0.0010 670 23 669 6 668 6 46 716 526 108 0.0641 0.0014 1.0783 0.0196 0.1205 0.0018 746 46 743 10 734 10 47 795 670 110 0.0625 0.0017 0.9585 0.0184 0.1104 0.0016 700 57 683 10 675 10 48 1060 399 143 0.0611 0.0006 0.8812 0.0125 0.1045 0.0009 644 23 642 7 641 5 49 850 129 90 0.0594 0.0016 0.9102 0.0325 0.1059 0.0030 589 57 657 17 649 18 50 1914 255 115 0.0539 0.0011 0.4034 0.0072 0.0542 0.0008 365 44 344 5 340 5
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