Silurian-Devonian critical metal mineralization boom of the East Kunlun Orogenic Belt
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摘要:
研究目的 随着地质调查和研究的深入，大量的证据显示东昆仑造山带在志留纪—泥盆纪存在大规模成矿作用，但对志留纪—泥盆纪成矿作用长期缺乏深入研究。本文旨在厘定东昆仑志留纪—泥盆纪大规模成矿的特点及其地球动力学背景，服务新一轮找矿突破战略行动。
研究方法 系统收集东昆仑造山带最新的找矿工作成果，对该地区志留纪—泥盆纪成矿作用类型和特点进行了综合分析研究。
研究结果 东昆仑地区在志留纪—泥盆纪主要发育3种矿床类型：①与基性—超基性岩有关的岩浆熔离型铜镍矿床，如夏日哈木、冰沟南等；②与花岗岩类有关的斑岩-矽卡岩矿床，可进一步分为斑岩-矽卡岩铜铁多金属矿床和矽卡岩钨锡矿床，如卡尔却卡、乌兰乌珠尔、白干湖等；③与碱性岩-碳酸岩有关的碱性岩-碳酸岩型铌矿床，以大格勒为代表。
结论 综合前人研究表明，东昆仑志留纪—泥盆纪大规模金属矿床的形成与原特提斯洋闭合后的演化密切相关。原特提斯洋在约435 Ma闭合后，东昆仑地区进入陆-陆碰撞环境，由于板片断离和后碰撞伸展作用，诱发软流圈地幔大规模上涌，幔源岩浆在上升过程中与陆壳物质发生不同程度的壳幔相互作用，形成了富含成矿元素的岩浆，并最终在上地壳就位，形成了不同的矿床类型。下一步，应进一步加大对东昆仑志留纪—泥盆纪基性—超基性岩、碳酸岩和花岗岩类分布范围及成矿潜力的研究，为全面认识东昆仑地区金属成矿规律、实现找矿突破提供理论指导。
Abstract:Objective With the deepening of geological surveys and research, substantial evidence has indicated that the East Kunlun Orogenic Belt experienced large−scale mineralization during the Silurian–Devonian periods. However, there has been a long−standing lack of in−depth research on the mineralization processes of these periods. This paper aims to clarify the characteristics of large−scale mineralization during the Silurian–Devonian in East Kunlun and its geodynamic background, with the goal of supporting a new round of strategic actions for mineral exploration breakthroughs.
Methods Based on a systematic collection of the latest mineral exploration results from the East Kunlun Orogenic Belt, this paper conducts a comprehensive analysis of the types and characteristics of mineralization during the Silurian–Devonian periods in this region.
Results The East Kunlun region primarily developed three types of deposits during the Silurian−Devonian periods: magmatic segregation−type copper−nickel deposits related to mafic−ultramafic rocks, such as those found in Xiarihamu and Binggounan; porphyry–skarn deposits related to granitoids, which can be further subdivided into porphyry–skarn copper−iron polymetallic deposits and skarn tungsten−tin deposits, such as those in Kaerqueka, Wulanwuzhuer, and Baiganhu; alkaline rock−carbonatite−type niobium deposits related to alkaline rocks and carbonatites, represented by the Dagele deposit.
Conclusions Comprehensive previous studies indicate that the formation of large−scale metal deposits in East Kunlun during the Silurian−Devonian periods is closely related to the evolution following the closure of the Proto−Tethys Ocean. After the closure of the Proto−Tethys Ocean around 435 Ma, the East Kunlun region entered a continent−continent collision environment. Due to slab break−off and post−collisional extension, large−scale upwelling of the asthenospheric mantle was induced. During the ascent of mantle−derived magmas, varying degrees of crust−mantle interaction with continental crust materials occurred, forming magmas rich in ore−forming elements, which eventually emplaced in the upper crust, resulting in different types of deposits. Future research should further investigate the distribution and mineralization potential of Silurian–Devonian mafic−ultramafic rocks, carbonatites, and granitoids in East Kunlun, providing theoretical guidance for a comprehensive understanding of the metallogenic patterns in the region and achieving breakthroughs in mineral exploration.
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Key words:
- East Kunlun /
- Proto-Tethys /
- porphyry-skarn deposit /
- magmatic deposit /
- critical metal
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图 1 东昆仑造山带大地构造位置图(据Fang et al., 2015; Zhong et al., 2018)
Figure 1.
图 6 东昆仑地区志留纪—泥盆纪岩浆岩全岩Sr−Nd同位素图解（底图据Zhong et al., 2021b修改；数据来源：白干湖据Zheng et al., 2018；野马泉和无矿花岗岩据Chen et al., 2018；夏日哈木成矿岩体据Peng et al., 2016；夏日哈木不成矿岩体据Zhang et al., 2018；冰沟南据张照伟等，2017；大格勒据王春涛等, 2024；王泰山等，2024；李积清等，2024）
Figure 6.
表 1 东昆仑志留纪—泥盆纪主要矿床
Table 1. Main Silurian—Devonian deposits (points) in the East Kunlun Orogenic Belt
序号 矿床
（点）成矿岩体 出露面
积/ km2成岩成矿时代 Cu资源
量/104 tNi资源
量/104 tCo资源
量/tWO3资源
量/104 tSn资源量/
104 t备注 岩浆熔离型铜镍矿床 1 夏日哈木 橄榄岩、辉石岩、辉长岩 I号杂岩体1.12 辉长苏长岩423±1 Ma，二辉岩412~406 Ma，黄铁矿Re−Os年龄411 Ma（王冠等，2014；Qian et al., 2020） 23.83 118.3 42928 正长花岗岩、闪长玢岩 正长花岗岩10.7 热液榍石413±3.6 Ma，闪长玢岩381.7±1.9 Ma（奥琮等，2014） 0.2 夏日哈木
东铅锌矿2 阿克楚
克塞橄榄岩、辉石岩、辉长岩 0.01～0.1 辉长岩423.9±2.6 Ma，辉石岩427.3±
2.3 Ma（闫佳铭, 2017）0.04 0.6 41.78 3 喀雅克登 橄榄岩、辉石岩、辉长岩 3.5 二辉橄榄岩386.4±3.2 Ma，辉长岩386.9±2.6Ma、403.3±3.2（张勇等，2015） 0.1 0.1 二长花岗岩、花岗岩 <13.5 二长花岗岩403.1±1.2 Ma （张勇等，2016） 0.23 4 冰沟南 辉石岩、辉长岩 0.2 辉长岩427.4±7.3 Ma，含长橄榄辉石岩377.8±3.4 Ma（何书跃等，2017；张照伟等，2017） 0.1 0.08 5 石头坑德 橄榄岩、辉石岩、辉长岩 4 辉长岩423.5±3.2 Ma 0.1 14.7 7800 资源量
数据据
李华等，20236 浪木日 橄榄辉石岩、辉石岩、辉长岩 0.1 橄榄辉石岩438.8±2.6 Ma，辉长岩439.5±2.0 Ma（孟庆鹏，2019） 0.64 220 斑岩−矽卡岩矿床多金属矿床 7 卡尔却卡 二长花岗岩、花岗斑岩 约17.2 斑状黑云母二长花岗岩 410.1~406.4 Ma，花岗闪长岩245.1~211.8 Ma，辉钼矿Re−Os年龄 245.5~238.8 Ma，金云母Ar−Ar年龄233.9±1.4 Ma（Zhong et al., 2021b） 16.83 内部
资料8 牛苦头 二长花岗岩、花岗闪长岩 隐伏，地表出露，<0.01 花岗闪长岩 394.0~393.7 Ma，二长花岗岩361.8±3.4 Ma，斑状花岗岩222.7±2.2 Ma，黄铁矿Re−Os年龄 359.2±6.3Ma，石榴子石U−Pb定年 219±12 Ma（Zhong et al., 2021b；王新雨等，2023；2024） 19.56 1275.43 9 野马泉 二长花岗岩、花岗闪长岩 <30 二长花岗岩（M13） 393±2 Ma，花岗闪长岩386±1 Ma，石英闪长岩392.4±2.2 Ma（高永宝等，2014；宋忠宝等，2014） 4.50 166.85 10 哈日扎 花岗闪长岩、英云闪长岩 2 Ⅴ矿带花岗闪长岩423.8±4.3 Ma，英云闪长岩422.3±1.9 Ma（南卡俄吾，2021） 8.51 详查
报告11 白干湖 正长花岗岩、二长花岗岩 2 二长花岗岩 431.3±4.0 Ma，正长花岗岩 413.6±2.4 Ma（周建厚等, 2015；Zheng et al., 2018） 17 8 碱性岩−碳酸岩型铌矿床 12 大格勒 碳酸岩、橄榄岩、辉石岩 1～5.63 碳酸岩381.1±2.3 Ma, 橄榄岩和辉石岩417.7±3.4 Ma (王秉璋等, 2024) 大型
铌矿
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