Petrology, geochronology and metallogenic mechanism of the Lalangmi tungsten deposit in Qinghai, the eastern part of the East Kunlun Orogen
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摘要:
研究目的 拉郎麦钨矿是东昆仑东段近年钨矿找矿的唯一重要新发现，其成矿时代与西段志留纪白干湖钨锡矿集区相近，研究其成矿机制对揭示区域钨锡成矿规律及指导找矿勘查具有重要意义。
研究方法 通过野外地质调查、岩相学观察、岩石地球化学分析、Sr−Nd同位素测试及Sm-Nd同位素定年等方法，对拉郎麦钨矿的成矿地质特征、成岩成矿时代及成矿机制进行了系统研究。
研究结果 拉郎麦矿床钨矿体主要赋存于二长花岗岩与碳酸盐岩接触带的矽卡岩中，矿石矿物以白钨矿为主，脉石矿物包括石榴子石、绿帘石、透辉石、方解石等，属典型的矽卡岩型矿床。与成矿密切相关的二长花岗岩发育原生白云母和石榴子石，并具有高硅、富碱、富铝、贫镁和贫铁特征，富集大离子亲石元素，亏损高场强元素，稀土元素配分曲线呈右倾型并具明显负Eu异常，显示典型S型花岗岩特征。全岩Sr−Nd同位素显示花岗岩具有较高的（87Sr/86Sr）i值（0.7470~0.7659）和较负的εNd（t）值（−8.22 ~ −6.05）。矽卡岩矿石中石榴子石及白钨矿的Sm-Nd同位素等时线年龄为408±4 Ma，与二长花岗岩锆石U−Pb年龄（414±3 Ma）在误差范围内一致。
结论 研究表明，志留纪东昆仑东段由于岩浆底侵作用导致古老地壳部分熔融，形成了富钨的S型花岗质母岩浆，并在侵位后与碳酸盐岩地层发生接触交代作用，最终形成拉郎麦矽卡岩型钨矿床。
Abstract:Objective The Lalangmai tungsten deposit is a significant and the only discovery in recent tungsten exploration in the eastern part of the East Kunlun Orogen. Its timing of mineralization is similar to that of the Silurian Baiganhu tungsten−tin ore district in the western part. Understanding its metallogenic mechanism is crucial for revealing regional tungsten−tin metallogenic patterns and guiding future exploration efforts.
Methods This study systematically investigates the geological characteristics of mineralization, geo−chronology , and metallogenic mechanism of the Lalangmai tungsten deposit through geological fieldwork, petrographic observations, whole−rock geochemistry, Sr−Nd isotope analysis of the whole rock, and Sm−Nd isotopic dating of garnet and scheelite.
Results Tungsten mineralization at the Lalangmai deposit is primarily hosted within skarns at the contact zone between monogranite and carbonate wall−rocks. The main ore mineral is scheelite, with gangue minerals including garnet, epidote, diopside, and calcite, characteristic of skarn−type deposits. The monogranite, closely related to mineralization, contains primary muscovite and garnet. It exhibits high silicon, alkali, and aluminum content, with relatively low magnesium and iron. It is enriched in large−ion lithophile elements (LILEs) and depleted in high−field strength elements (HFSEs), and its rare earth element (REE) distribution curve is right−inclined with a distinct negative Eu anomaly, indicating typical S−type granite characteristics. Whole−rock Sr−Nd isotopic data reveal high (87Sr/86Sr)i values (0.7470 to 0.7659) and negative εNd(t) values (−8.22 to −6.05). Sm−Nd isotopic isochron dating of garnet and scheelite from the skarn gives an age of 408±4 Ma, which is consistent with the zircon U−Pb age of the monogranite (414±3 Ma) within the margin of error.
Conclusions The study indicates that during the Silurian in the eastern East Kunlun Orogen, the underplating of magmatism led to partial melting of the ancient crust, forming a tungsten−rich S−type granitic magma. Following intrusion, the magma interacted with carbonate strata, resulting in metasomatic replacement and the formation of the Lalangmai skarn−type tungsten deposit.
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Key words:
- scheelite /
- skarn /
- mineralization mechanism /
- S-type granite /
- Early Paleozoic /
- East Kunlun
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图 1 区域构造(a)与岩体分布(b)图（据Gao et al, 2023修改)
Figure 1.
图 2 拉郎麦矿区地质图（据四川省冶金地质勘查局，2015修改）
Figure 2.
图 3 拉郎麦0号勘探线剖面图（据四川省冶金地质勘查局，2015修改）
Figure 3.
图 7 拉郎麦岩体TAS图解（底图据Middlemost, 1994）
Figure 7.
表 1 拉郎麦花岗岩体主量、微量和稀土元素分析结果
Table 1. Major, trace and rare earth element analysis results of Lalangmai granites
元素 二长花岗岩 二长花岗岩 二长花岗岩 二长花岗岩 花岗闪长岩 花岗闪长岩 花岗闪长岩 花岗闪长岩 LLM15-04 LLM15-05 LLM15-15 LLM15-02 LLM15-10 LLM15-11 LLM15-14 LLM15-24 SiO2 74.9 76.6 73.6 75.5 69.3 69.6 70.2 69.5 TiO2 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.24 0.23 0.14 0.25 Al2O3 13.5 13.8 14.4 14.0 15.9 16.2 16.5 16.0 Fe2O3 0.70 0.66 0.70 1.35 2.04 1.82 1.49 1.86 MnO 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.12 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.04 MgO 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.14 0.93 0.83 0.76 0.94 CaO 0.68 0.60 0.67 0.54 3.10 3.43 3.14 3.25 Na2O 3.27 3.41 3.32 3.58 4.88 4.77 5.31 4.97 K2O 4.70 4.71 5.79 4.45 1.31 1.41 1.09 1.38 P2O5 0.09 0.09 0.07 0.06 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.07 烧失量 0.94 0.74 0.69 0.69 0.99 1.60 0.64 0.93 Ba 168. 119. 141. 175 176 148 126 147 V 16.7 12.0 7.60 5.80 28.2 33.2 18.7 30.4 Cr 14.3 8.30 12.5 5.00 28.0 14.7 15.5 26.6 Ni 1.20 3.60 3.40 4.90 11.3 5.20 6.70 10.8 Cu 1.30 0.00 2.20 5.00 2.00 3.70 3.10 8.80 Sr 74.3 73.5 74.2 31.9 435 418 495 420 Zr 61.4 60.1 72.3 49.4 104.6 97.6 59.7 111.4 Cl 22.6 178.3 47.4 175.1 56.3 170.8 161.7 177.6 H2O− 0.00 0.10 0.10 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.10 0.10 Li 8.60 8.30 5.50 10.60 66.10 62.10 31.60 33.70 Be 1.90 2.00 3.00 4.60 2.30 1.50 2.90 1.20 Sc 3.60 3.50 5.90 3.50 3.70 3.40 2.50 3.90 V 3.00 2.60 2.30 2.70 23.8 22.2 11.0 24.4 Cr 7.90 9.60 10.9 9.60 24.7 22.5 13.3 23.4 Co 0.80 0.60 0.90 0.90 4.40 3.90 2.80 4.30 Ni 2.40 2.00 3.30 2.90 10.6 10.8 6.38 10.5 Cu 2.40 2.20 3.90 4.60 2.60 2.00 2.10 2.90 Zn 9.00 7.60 7.80 16.6 34.7 28.6 22.6 25.2 Ga 21.5 21.8 23.1 21.0 20.1 19.4 18.6 19.7 Rb 283. 286 290 315 97.4 94.1 61.1 68.3 Sr 64.6 62.4 58.2 37.1 480 462 537 457 Y 21.8 23.7 48.0 23.1 6.00 4.80 6.00 11.6 Zr 80.6 77.2 78.0 57.1 115 115 82.8 132 Nb 16.4 15.8 20.9 21.9 4.40 2.30 3.00 3.80 Sn 7.30 7.20 5.80 7.70 3.80 2.80 2.10 1.30 Cs 5.40 5.40 4.30 5.90 7.50 5.80 5.20 4.10 La 12.6 12.7 13.7 15.6 9.70 7.90 7.10 9.50 Ce 28.5 29.5 31.3 34.3 20.1 16.3 15.7 19.8 Pr 3.40 3.40 3.60 3.80 2.50 2.10 2.10 2.40 Nd 12.4 12.7 13.1 13.1 9.90 8.30 8.40 9.50 Sm 3.70 4.10 4.60 3.70 2.00 1.70 2.00 2.30 Eu 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.70 0.70 0.60 0.70 Gd 3.60 3.80 5.48 3.50 1.70 1.40 1.60 2.10 Tb 0.70 0.80 1.20 0.70 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.40 Dy 4.20 4.60 8.30 4.30 1.30 1.00 1.30 2.20 Ho 0.70 0.80 1.50 0.80 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.40 Er 1.90 2.10 4.40 2.20 0.60 0.50 0.60 1.10 Tm 0.30 0.30 0.70 0.40 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.20 Yb 1.90 2.10 4.80 2.5 0.60 0.40 0.60 1.20 Lu 0.30 0.30 0.70 0.30 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.20 Hf 3.20 3.30 4.60 2.50 3.20 3.30 2.50 4.00 Ta 2.20 2.10 2.70 3.40 0.70 0.20 0.50 0.40 Tl 2.10 2.10 2.00 2.40 0.90 0.80 0.50 0.60 Pb 33.7 33.5 41.3 33.7 11.3 10.3 17.3 10.4 Th 13.3 14.4 15.8 15.1 2.70 1.80 2.50 4.30 U 3.70 4.00 4.50 3.80 0.60 0.60 1.00 1.40 注：主量元素含量单位为%，微量和稀土元素含量单位为10−6 
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表 2 拉郎麦花岗岩和花岗闪长岩全岩Sr−Nd同位素测试结果
Table 2. Sr−Nd isotopic analysis results of the Lalangmai granite and granodiorite
同位素 花岗闪长岩 花岗闪长岩 花岗闪长岩 花岗闪长岩 二长花岗岩 二长花岗岩 二长花岗岩 二长花岗岩 LLM15-10 LLM15-11 LLM15-14 LLM15-24 LLM15-02 LLM15-04 LLM15-05 LLM15-15 Rb/10−6 97.4 94.1 61.1 68.3 315 283 286 290 Sr/10−6 480 462 537 457 37.1 64.6 62.4 58.2 (87Sr/86Sr) 0.708481 0.708672 0.707964 0.707770 0.847434 0.788791 0.792540 0.797954 ±2σ 0.000006 0.000007 0.000008 0.000006 0.000008 0.000010 0.000012 0.000007 Sm/10−6 2.00 1.68 1.99 2.28 3.66 3.74 4.09 4.58 Nd/10−6 9.94 8.26 8.36 9.46 13.1 12.4 12.7 13.1 147Sm/144Nd 0.121833 0.122663 0.143937 0.145354 0.169066 0.183057 0.194960 0.211288 143Nd/144Nd 0.512443 0.512446 0.512419 0.512449 0.512286 0.512220 0.512214 0.512338 ±2σ 0.000005 0.000005 0.000006 0.000005 0.000005 0.000006 0.000005 0.000005 εNd(t) −1.61 −1.57 −2.72 −2.18 −6.05 −7.75 −8.22 −6.28
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表 3 二长花岗岩 LA-ICP-MS 锆石 U−Th−Pb 分析结果
Table 3. Zircon U−Th−Pb dating results of monzogranite by LA-ICP-MS
测点号 元素含量/10−6 Th/U 同位素比值 年龄/Ma Pb 232Th 238U 207Pb/
206Pb1σ 207Pb/
235U1σ 206Pb/
238U1σ 208Pb/
232Th1σ 207Pb/
206Pb1σ 207Pb/
235U1σ 206Pb/
238U1σ 208Pb/
232Th1σ 1 151 124 429 0.29 0.0550 0.0021 0.5157 0.0186 0.0680 0.0009 0.0195 0.0030 413 87.0 422 12.5 424 5.4 390 59.6 2 80 48.9 380 0.13 0.0558 0.0017 0.5242 0.0163 0.0680 0.0008 0.0238 0.0042 456 73.1 428 10.8 424 4.8 475 83.8 3 87 60.3 312 0.19 0.0546 0.0017 0.5111 0.0174 0.0677 0.0009 0.0225 0.0037 398 76.8 419 11.7 422 5.6 449 72.4 4 139 109 321 0.34 0.0560 0.0014 0.5330 0.0153 0.0690 0.0010 0.0219 0.0037 450 55.6 434 10.1 430 6.3 437 72.7 5 201 146 504 0.29 0.0554 0.0014 0.5132 0.0123 0.0672 0.0006 0.0222 0.0026 428 55.6 421 8.3 419 3.7 443 51.2 6 72 63.8 289 0.22 0.0550 0.0017 0.5020 0.0159 0.0663 0.0010 0.0174 0.0028 409 70.4 413 10.8 414 5.8 348 55.3 7 153 121 504 0.24 0.0552 0.0013 0.5166 0.0127 0.0679 0.0008 0.0203 0.0028 420 53.7 423 8.5 423 4.9 407 55.3 8 111 86.6 349 0.25 0.0556 0.0014 0.5207 0.0123 0.0681 0.0008 0.0207 0.0031 435 55.6 426 8.2 424 4.8 415 60.4 9 210 168 509 0.33 0.0548 0.0010 0.5113 0.0105 0.0677 0.0008 0.0212 0.0030 406 47.2 419 7.1 422 4.8 423 59.9 10 464 423 529 0.80 0.0554 0.0011 0.5204 0.0146 0.0681 0.0013 0.0187 0.0026 428 41.7 425 9.7 425 7.7 374 52.6 11 70 54.9 188 0.29 0.0556 0.0015 0.5205 0.0141 0.0681 0.0008 0.0195 0.0028 435 61.1 425 9.5 424 4.7 390 55.7 12 178 148 496 0.30 0.0549 0.0010 0.5152 0.0102 0.0680 0.0007 0.0185 0.0024 409 43.5 422 6.9 424 4.1 370 47.5 13 147 116 404 0.29 0.0552 0.0012 0.5155 0.0109 0.0679 0.0007 0.0185 0.0023 420 54.6 422 7.3 424 4.2 371 45.9 14 190 161 488 0.33 0.0556 0.0016 0.5196 0.0131 0.0679 0.0008 0.0165 0.0025 439 63.0 425 8.8 424 5.0 331 49.8 15 177 140 475 0.29 0.0568 0.0011 0.5318 0.0105 0.0681 0.0007 0.0164 0.0020 483 44.4 433 6.9 425 4.4 330 40.0 16 173 140 438 0.32 0.0560 0.0011 0.5242 0.0108 0.0681 0.0008 0.0160 0.0020 450 44.4 428 7.2 424 4.7 320 39.8 17 222 173 567 0.31 0.0561 0.0010 0.5262 0.0100 0.0681 0.0006 0.0166 0.0022 454 40.7 429 6.7 425 3.6 334 44.1 18 188 154 474 0.32 0.0572 0.0016 0.5336 0.0159 0.0677 0.0010 0.0156 0.0022 502 63.9 434 10.5 422 5.8 312 43.8 19 94 65.7 318 0.21 0.0562 0.0016 0.5278 0.0195 0.0678 0.0012 0.0136 0.0024 461 63.0 430 12.9 423 7.5 273 48.4 20 40.7 18.4 505 0.04 0.0581 0.0016 0.5474 0.0208 0.0684 0.0020 0.0165 0.0043 600 61.1 443 13.7 426 12.1 330 85.2
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表 4 花岗闪长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U−Th−Pb分析结果
Table 4. Zircon U−Th−Pb dating of granodiorite by LA-ICP-MS
测点号 元素含量/10−6 Th/U 同位素比值 年龄/Ma Pb 232Th 238U 207Pb/
206Pb1σ 207Pb/
235U1σ 206Pb/
238U1σ 208Pb/
232Th1σ 207Pb/
206Pb1σ 207Pb/
235U1σ 206Pb/
238U1σ 208Pb/
232Th1σ 1 5981 3871 7346 0.53 0.0582 0.0009 0.5731 0.0123 0.0713 0.0008 0.0250 0.0038 600 33.3 460 7.97 444 4.53 499 74.0 2 4576 3984 6000 0.66 0.0560 0.0008 0.5422 0.0118 0.0701 0.0012 0.0196 0.0028 454 31.5 440 7.80 437 7.20 393 56.5 3 22763 12762 10188 1.25 0.0583 0.0010 0.5625 0.0180 0.0700 0.0019 0.0319 0.0052 543 35.2 453 11.7 436 11.6 634 101 4 8555 5627 6840 0.82 0.0568 0.0010 0.5516 0.0112 0.0704 0.0010 0.0234 0.0034 483 32.4 446 7.32 439 6.21 467 67.7 5 10660 9975 7559 1.32 0.0573 0.0011 0.5564 0.0221 0.0702 0.0023 0.0223 0.0042 506 42.6 449 14.4 437 13.6 446 83.2 6 6461 3487 7513 0.46 0.0576 0.0013 0.5563 0.0121 0.0700 0.0008 0.0263 0.0042 517 50.0 449 7.90 436 5.05 525 82.2 7 1557 855 3004 0.28 0.0569 0.0013 0.5541 0.0148 0.0705 0.0010 0.0254 0.0039 500 50.0 448 9.71 439 5.87 508 77.5 8 7348 5274 7541 0.70 0.0591 0.0009 0.5739 0.0108 0.0704 0.0007 0.0230 0.0033 569 5.6 461 6.97 439 4.43 460 65.7 9 9267 8624 8045 1.07 0.0557 0.0008 0.5369 0.0087 0.0701 0.0010 0.0185 0.0029 439 33.3 436 5.75 437 5.81 370 57.1 10 17795 13436 8000 1.68 0.0552 0.0009 0.5357 0.0232 0.0705 0.0030 0.0218 0.0035 420 37.0 436 15.4 439 18.2 435 69.6 11 8442 5593 8616 0.65 0.0561 0.0007 0.5457 0.0093 0.0705 0.0008 0.0238 0.0033 457 27.8 442 6.13 439 4.99 475 65.6 12 8360 6186 6972 0.89 0.0580 0.0007 0.5628 0.0125 0.0705 0.0014 0.0202 0.0029 528 32.4 453 8.12 439 8.63 405 58.3 13 5648 3532 6427 0.55 0.0552 0.0008 0.5363 0.0088 0.0705 0.0010 0.0227 0.0034 420 31.5 436 5.82 439 5.95 453 66.9 14 4139 2596 6042 0.43 0.0584 0.0009 0.5648 0.0094 0.0701 0.0005 0.0212 0.0033 543 33.3 455 6.10 437 3.32 424 66.3 15 4615 2859 6269 0.46 0.0582 0.0010 0.5641 0.0093 0.0703 0.0006 0.0216 0.0036 600 38.9 454 6.02 438 3.66 432 71.9 16 4604 2532 7110 0.36 0.0588 0.0009 0.5716 0.0120 0.0703 0.0009 0.0241 0.0041 561 31.5 459 7.75 438 5.66 481 80.3 17 22553 16383 11468 1.43 0.0578 0.0015 0.5611 0.0167 0.0703 0.0010 0.0244 0.0046 524 62.0 452 10.9 438 6.32 487 90.4 18 1437 1105 3933 0.28 0.0583 0.0009 0.5631 0.0149 0.0702 0.0018 0.0243 0.0044 539 33.3 454 9.69 437 10.6 486 87.8 19 4337 2685 5161 0.52 0.0562 0.0012 0.5479 0.0098 0.0708 0.0011 0.0204 0.0028 457 46.3 444 6.47 441 6.79 408 56.3 20 14765 10869 9442 1.15 0.0564 0.0011 0.5498 0.0216 0.0703 0.0018 0.0202 0.0027 478 40.7 445 14.1 438 10.9 404 53.9
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表 5 拉郎麦矿床石榴子石和白钨矿Sm-Nd同位素数据
Table 5. Sm-Nd isotopic analysis data of garnets and scheelites from the Lalangmai deposit
编号 测试编号 矿物 147Sm/144Nd 1σ 143Nd/144Nd 9016254 LLMD1 白钨矿 0.1449 0.5 0.512140 9016254 LLMD2 白钨矿 0.1084 0.5 0.512026 9016254 LLMD3 白钨矿 0.1074 0.5 0.512060 9016254 LLMD4 白钨矿 0.0924 0.5 0.512018 9016254 LLMD5 白钨矿 0.0929 0.5 0.512022 9016254 LLMD6 白钨矿 0.1058 0.5 0.512045 9016254 LLMD7 白钨矿 0.0976 0.5 0.512023 9016255 LLMD8 石榴子石 0.3013 0.5 0.512569 9016255 LLMD9 石榴子石 0.2786 0.5 0.512507 9016255 LLMD10 石榴子石 0.3589 0.5 0.512720 9016255 LLMD11 石榴子石 0.3641 0.5 0.512739 9016255 LLMD12 石榴子石 0.3330 0.5 0.512652 9016255 LLMD13 石榴子石 0.3335 0.5 0.512651
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表 6 白干湖与拉郎麦地区成矿及相关岩体年龄
Table 6. Timing of W-Sn mineralizations and genetically associated rocks between Baiganhu and Lalangmai deposits
样品地区 定年样品 技术方法 年龄/Ma 来源 白干湖与成矿有关岩体 二长花岗岩 锆石U−Pb，SIMS 421.0±3.7 李国臣等，2012 钾长花岗岩 锆石U−Pb，SIMS 422.0±3.0 李国臣等，2012 正长花岗岩 锆石U−Pb，LA−ICP−MS 428.2±4.2 王增振等，2014 正长花岗岩 锆石U−Pb，LA−ICP−MS 422.5±2.3 王增振等，2014 与钨锡矿化有关的正长花岗岩 锆石U−Pb，SHRIMP 416.9±2.9 孙丰月等 与钨锡矿化有关的正长花岗岩 锆石U−Pb，LA−ICP−MS 413.6±2.4 Zhou et al., 2016 与白干湖、巴什尔希等钨锡矿有关的二长花岗岩、花岗闪长岩 锆石U−Pb，LA−ICP−MS 427.0±13 高永宝，2013 白干湖地区矿床 强云英岩化钨锡矿化花岗岩脉中白云母 Ar−Ar定年 411.8±4.7 丰成友等，2013 黑钨矿-石英脉中片状白云母 414.6±3.9 蚀变期热液白云母 Ar−Ar定年 408.0~414.0 Zhou et al., 2016 锡石 U−Pb定年 426.0±13 Deng et al., 2018 含矿石英脉中白云母 Ar−Ar定年 422.7±4.5
421.8±2.7郑震等，2016 锡石 U−Pb定年 427.0±13 Gao et al., 2014 拉郎麦矿床 与成矿有关的二长花岗岩 锆石U−Pb，LA−ICP−MS 414.2 ±2.6 本文 石榴子石、白钨矿 Sm−Nd定年 408±4 本文
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表 7 白干湖和拉朗麦地区矿床主要特征对比
Table 7. Comparison between main characteristics of deposits in Baiganhu and Lalangmai districts
要素 白干湖地区 拉郎麦地区 矿床规模 超大型 小型 矿床类型 矽卡岩型、云英岩型、石英脉型 矽卡岩型 矿产种类 钨锡矿 钨矿 矿石矿物 锡石、白钨矿、黑钨矿、电气石、少量黄铜矿、黄铁矿等 白钨矿 主要蚀变 硅化、云英岩化、矽卡岩化、电气石化、钠长石化等 矽卡岩化、绿泥石化、绿帘石化、碳酸岩化、硅化、大理岩化 成矿地质体 晚志留世A型二长花岗岩、S型正长花岗岩 晚志留世S型二长花岗岩 岩体主要特征 高硅、富碱（钾和钠）、富铝、贫铁和镁，相对较为富集的
Sr−Nd同位素和锆石Hf同位素特征高硅、富碱（钾和钠）、富铝、贫铁和镁，
相对较富集的Sr−Nd同位素成矿年龄 420~410 Ma 408 Ma 主要来源 高永宝等，2010；Gao et al, 2014, 2015; Zheng et al, 2016;
Zhou et al, 2016; Gao et al, 2023本文
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