Study on the age of ore-forming rock mass and mineralogical characteristics of skarn rocks in the Niukutou Pb-Zn deposit, Qinghai Province
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摘要:
研究目的 祁漫塔格成矿带是中国重要的斑岩-矽卡岩多金属成矿带，牛苦头矿床为该成矿带近年来发现的大型铅锌多金属矿床，其成矿岩体时代与矽卡岩建造、铅锌矿化之间的关系缺乏研究。另外，该矿床矽卡岩形成的物理化学条件与矿化的关系也未进行深入的探讨，制约了对成矿规律的认识。
研究方法 通过锆石LA−ICP−MS测年及电子探针技术分析方法，对矿区成矿岩体锆石年代及矽卡岩矿物电子探针进行研究，详细揭示成矿时代、矽卡岩分带及矿物组合特征。
研究结果 结果表明，与矽卡岩紧密相关的二长花岗岩形成于389.9±2.2 Ma，即牛苦头成矿时代为中泥盆世。牛苦头矿床矽卡岩表现出明显的蚀变分带，整体上属于钙-镁质系列矽卡岩建造，靠近成矿岩体为一套钙铁榴石和钙铁辉石矿物组合，远离成矿岩体为一套钙铝榴石和锰钙铁辉石组合。退变质阶段矽卡岩矿物主要为黑柱石、透闪石、阳起石等，靠近成矿岩体MnO含量低，远离成矿岩体MnO含量逐渐增高，暗示退变质阶段矽卡岩矿物化学成分对于进变质阶段矽卡岩矿物具有一定的继承作用。成矿热液自成矿岩体近端至远端（西南至东北）运移，该过程中温度、
$f_{{\mathrm{O}}_2} $ 结论 结合前人研究，认为祁漫塔格地区中晚泥盆世岩浆岩的侵入可能是钙、锰质矽卡岩建造形成的主要原因，该地区中—晚泥盆世岩浆岩侵入及与之相关的钙-锰质矽卡岩建造可作为该区域矽卡岩型铅锌矿床的找矿标志，成矿热液由成矿岩体近端至远端（西南至东北）运移的过程中温度、
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关键词:
- 铅锌成矿 /
- 中—晚泥盆世岩浆作用 /
- 钙-锰质矽卡岩建造 /
- 祁漫塔格
Abstract:Objective The Qimantag metallogenic belt is an important porphyry−skarn polymetallic metallogenic belt in China, and the Niukutou deposit is a large−scale Pb−Zn polymetallic deposit discovered in this metallogenic belt in recent years. However, there is a lack of research on the relationship between the age of the ore−forming rock mass, skarn formation, and Pb−Zn mineralization. Additionally, the relationship between the physicochemical conditions for skarn formation and mineralization in this deposit has not been thoroughly explored, which restricts our understanding of the metallogeny. [Methoods] Through the zircon LA−ICP−MS dating and electron probe technology analysis methods, this paper provide detailed information on the mineralization age, skarn zoning, and mineral composition characteristics.
Results The results indicate that the monzogranite closely related to skarn was formed at 389.9 ± 2.2 Ma, indicating that the Niukutou mineralization occurred in the Middle Devonian. The skarn rocks of the Niukutou deposit exhibit obvious alteration zones, and overall belong to the calcium−magnesium series skarn rock formation. Near the ore−forming rock mass, there is a set of andradite and hedenbergite mineral assemblages, while far away from the ore−forming rock mass, there is a set of grossularite and Mn−hedenbergite mineral assemblages. The main skarn minerals in the retrograde metamorphic stage are ilvaite, tremolite, actinolite, etc. The MnO content is low near the ore−forming rock mass, and gradually increases away from the ore−forming rock mass. This suggests that the chemical composition of the skarn minerals in the retrograde metamorphic stage has a certain inheritance from the skarn minerals in the prograde metamorphic stage. The ore−forming hydrothermal fluid migrates from the proximal to distal end of the ore−forming rock mass (southwest to northeast), during which temperature,
$f_{{\mathrm{O}}_2} $ Conclusions Based on previous research, this article believes that the calcium−magnesium skarn formation related to Middle−Late Devonian magmatic rocks in the Qimantag may be a prospecting indicator for skarn Pb−Zn deposits in this region. The temperature,
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图 1 祁漫塔格区域地质与构造简图（a）与区域地质矿产简图（b）（据徐国端，2010；Zhong et al., 2018；王新雨等，2023修改）
Figure 1.
图 8 牛苦头矿区石榴子石和辉石三角分类图解（牛苦头数据据本文，其余数据据丰成友等，2011；Zhong et al., 2018b）
Figure 8.
表 1 牛苦头二长花岗岩LA−ICP−MS锆石U−Th−Pb同位素组成
Table 1. LA−ICP−MS zircon U−Th−Pb isotopic compositions of the Niukutou monzogranite
测点号 含量/10−6 Th/U 同位素比值 年龄/Ma U Th 206Pb/238U 1σ 207Pb/235U 1σ 207Pb/206Pb 1σ 206Pb/238U 1σ 207Pb/235U 1σ N1012-10.1 225 137 0.61 0.06268 0.0007 0.44835 0.0151 0.05200 0.0018 392 4 376 11 N1012-10.2 295 203 0.69 0.06215 0.0006 0.47332 0.0138 0.05511 0.0016 389 4 393 10 N1012-10.3 482 453 0.94 0.06219 0.0006 0.46007 0.0112 0.05348 0.0012 389 4 384 8 N1012-10.4 251 186 0.74 0.06171 0.0006 0.46418 0.0115 0.05453 0.0014 386 4 387 8 N1012-10.5 214 111 0.52 0.06311 0.0006 0.47258 0.0144 0.05419 0.0016 395 3 393 10 N1012-10.6 183 125 0.68 0.05965 0.0009 0.49444 0.0190 0.06007 0.0023 373 6 408 13 N1012-10.7 389 231 0.59 0.06215 0.0005 0.47091 0.0114 0.05482 0.0013 389 3 392 8 N1012-10.8 640 557 0.87 0.06151 0.0006 0.50814 0.0209 0.05999 0.0028 385 4 417 14 N1012-10.9 426 319 0.75 0.06140 0.0007 0.47571 0.0128 0.05596 0.0013 384 4 395 9 N1012-10.11 210 111 0.53 0.06298 0.0006 0.50475 0.0178 0.05790 0.0020 394 4 415 12 N1012-10.12 470 309 0.66 0.06344 0.0007 0.49962 0.0147 0.05686 0.0015 397 4 411 10 N1012-10.13 331 199 0.60 0.06252 0.0006 0.45931 0.0124 0.05316 0.0014 391 4 384 9 N1012-10.14 455 377 0.83 0.06264 0.0005 0.47064 0.0211 0.05436 0.0024 392 3 392 15 N1012-10.15 225 151 0.67 0.06332 0.0007 0.48701 0.0149 0.05588 0.0018 396 4 403 10 N1012-10.16 257 162 0.63 0.06262 0.0007 0.46100 0.0119 0.05341 0.0014 392 5 385 8 N1012-10.17 311 172 0.55 0.06196 0.0006 0.46648 0.0133 0.05445 0.0015 388 4 389 9 N1012-10.18 338 195 0.58 0.06190 0.0005 0.46640 0.0114 0.05468 0.0014 387 3 389 8 N1012-10.20 339 217 0.64 0.06304 0.0006 0.47879 0.0116 0.05495 0.0013 394 3 397 8 注：图6–b谐和曲线由除去10,19号点后计算获得，除去10,19号号点后计算获得的206Pb/238U年龄加权平均值为389.9±2.2 Ma（最终结果已校正） 
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表 2 牛苦头矿床矽卡岩矿物电子探针成分组成
Table 2. Electron microprobe analysis of skarn minerals from the Niukutou deposit
% 样品号 SiO2 TiO2 Al2O3 Cr2O3 FeO MnO MgO CaO Na2O K2O 总和 矿物名称 NZB62-2-1 38.453 0.023 17.883 5.381 0.171 0.026 37.135 0.023 99.1 钙铝榴石 NZB62-2-2 37.922 0.006 17.692 0.001 5.224 0.191 0.061 37.187 0.006 98.29 钙铝榴石 NZB62-2-3 38.609 0.01 25.884 0.003 9.134 0.027 0.013 24.561 0.01 0.002 98.25 钙铝榴石 KUB080 37.557 0.025 24.265 0.028 11.346 0.186 0.007 23.492 0.025 96.93 钙铝榴石 NZB73-1 38.693 0.185 24.527 0.021 10.31 0.045 0.049 24.098 97.93 钙铝榴石 JYB-7 38.917 16.527 8.497 0.864 0.018 33.683 0.013 98.52 钙铝榴石 YMB-02 35.945 0.623 27.586 0.073 0.496 34.116 0.043 98.88 钙铁榴石 KUB-214-1 36.769 0.035 0.918 0 26.318 0.543 0.135 32.267 0 0.014 97 钙铁榴石 JYB-08.1 49.156 0.028 0.468 17.792 9.108 1.226 22.181 0.02 0.008 99.99 锰钙铁辉石 JYB-08.2 49.046 0.001 0.185 0.016 15.23 13.804 0.065 21.548 0.029 99.92 锰钙铁辉石 NZB-279 50.864 1.06 0.083 32.268 3.662 1.921 9.422 0.072 0.047 99.4 阳起石 NZB279-3.1 48.853 - 0.63 0.116 33.726 4.567 7.774 1.37 0.057 0.035 97.13 锰阳起石 NZB279-3.2 49.258 0.004 0.957 - 31.946 3.63 9.684 1.611 0.074 0.068 97.23 锰阳起石 NZB279-3.3 46.242 - 0.699 0.086 36.728 3.934 7.948 1.311 0.06 0.06 97.07 锰阳起石 NZB279-3.4 46.924 0.001 0.606 0.208 35.419 4.149 8.103 1.241 0.077 0.049 96.78 锰阳起石 NZB279-3.5 48.778 - 0.982 0.125 33.226 4.031 8.355 1.569 0.09 0.081 97.24 锰阳起石 N608-5-2.2 48.536 - 0.141 0.025 21.605 7.705 20.71 0.681 0.013 99.42 富锰角闪石 N608-5-3.1 49.209 0.033 0.098 0.034 22.567 5.677 21.698 0.778 0.003 100.1 富锰角闪石 N0624-2.1 54.096 0.014 0.45 0.131 17.482 1.29 10.139 13.481 0.09 0.043 97.22 阳起石 N0624-2.2 54.03 - 0.507 0.115 15.487 0.78 11.083 14.53 0.093 0.067 96.69 阳起石 N0624-2.3 54.199 - 0.44 0.052 17.426 1.232 9.176 13.51 0.073 0.06 96.17 阳起石 N0624-2.4 55.528 0.031 0.539 0.046 15.485 1.024 10.683 13.471 0.153 0.06 97.02 阳起石 N622-5.1 52.11 - 0.278 0.044 24.52 1.221 11.248 7.716 0.05 0.075 97.26 阳起石 N622-5.2 52.149 0.002 0.181 - 25.612 1.507 11.178 6.906 0.038 0.019 97.59 阳起石 N622-5.3 52.364 - 0.343 0.027 24.269 1.365 11.131 8.301 0.053 0.074 97.93 阳起石 KUB-214-2 29.986 0.122 0.809 0.123 42.44 8.658 0.257 13.06 0 0 95.46 黑柱石 N608-8a-1.1 37.745 0.478 24.394 - 9.492 0.106 24.603 0.011 96.83 绿帘石 N608-8a-1.3 37.611 - 21.674 0.024 13.4 0.023 24.343 0.029 97.1 绿帘石 N608-8a-2.1 37.6 0.072 22.534 0.614 11.345 0.318 23.96 0.018 96.46 绿帘石 N608-8a-2.2 37.37 0.117 22.125 0.135 12.641 0.065 24.171 0.019 0.006 0.006 96.66 绿帘石
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