The Characteristics of Granite Associated with Tin and Mineralization in Northwest China
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摘要:
西北地区是国内成矿条件优越、矿产资源集中区域之一，但锡产出不足全国的2%，且分布零散、规模较小，所以西北地区锡矿并没有得到很多关注，且已有研究主要偏重典型矿床的地球化学分析和矿床成因，对区域成矿特征和成矿规律少有总结。笔者选择西北地区与锡有关的花岗岩为研究对象，通过分析此类花岗岩的特征提出锡矿找矿新认识。分析显示，Sn元素易富集于晚期熔体，且易由地幔向地壳富集，花岗岩浆源区地壳物质越多对形成锡矿越有利，A型花岗岩对锡成矿有更为明显的专属性，尤其在大陆碰撞、俯冲和洋陆转换环境下形成的过铝质和钙碱性花岗岩更有利于锡富集。同时，与锡成矿有关的花岗岩普遍具有较高锡丰度，如东准和天山地区达到7×10−6，远远高于地壳Sn丰度值（1.7×10−6），加之成矿区地层锡值普遍偏高，锡经过不断的迁移、富集、岩浆结晶分异并在一定的温度下最终成矿。文中简述了西北地区的6个锡矿成矿区带特征，为西北地区锡矿找矿提供参考。
Abstract:Northwest China is one of superior conditions area for tin ore formation and rich mineral resources in China, but tin ore output is less than 2%, and scattered distribution and small scale in the area. Because tin is not a dominant mineral, it has not received much attention. Previous research mainly focused on the geochemical and genesis of typical deposits, lacking a summary and understanding of regional mineralization characteristics and patterns. This paper selects the granite related to tin ore as the research object. The authors put forward some new comprehension of tin prospecting by analyzing the characteristics of the granite. The paper shows that tin is not only enriched in late melt but also from mantle to crust. The more crustal material in granulite basement, it is the more favorable for tin mineralization. A-type granite has a more obvious specificity to tin mineralization. It found that granites related to tin mineralization generally have higher Sn abundance, especially the peraluminous and calc-alkaline granites formed in the environment of continental collision, oceanic or crust subduction and ocean-continent transition are more conducive to tin enrichment. The high Sn abundance is also an essential factor for tin mineralization. For example, in the East Junggar and Tianshan regions, the tin abundance is reached 7×10−6, higher than the crustal tin abundance value of (1.7×10−6). Tin ore is finally formed at a certain temperature, continuous mobilized, migrated, enriched, and magmatic crystallization differentiation. Based on the above views, the paper describes the characteristics of the 6 tin metallogenic belts in Northwest China, which are considered to be tin prospecting potential area.
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Key words:
- tin ore /
- granite related to tin /
- metallogenic conditions /
- metallogenic environment /
- NW China
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表 1 西北地区重要锡矿床地质特征表
Table 1. Geological characteristics of important tin deposits in Northwest China
矿床名称 矿床规模 成矿元素 矿床类型 围岩 矿体产
出位置矿石矿物 含矿岩体地球
化学特征与成矿有关岩体及时代 参考文献 奇台县萨惹什克锡矿床 中型 Sn 石英脉型 富碱花岗岩 锡石石英脉和含锡
花岗岩锡石 高碱、贫Ca、富Rb、Sn、K，强烈亏损Ba, Sr, Eu, δEu= 0.01～0.03, A型花岗岩 锡石石英脉（324.2±3.4） Ma；富碱花岗岩（306±3） Ma、（313±2） Ma、314±5） Ma 唐红峰等，2007；林锦富等，2008 温泉县喀孜别克锡矿床 中型 Sn、W、Cu 云英岩型 上泥盆统碎屑岩建造 喀孜别克岩体内 锡石、黑钨矿、磁铁矿、辉钼矿、闪锌矿、方铅矿、蓝铜矿 SiO2>70%，K2O>Na2O，σ=1.62%～2.07%，属钙碱岩系列，出现刚玉分子（>l%），富Rb、Sn，δEu=0.15，S型花岗岩 喀孜别克岩体，290 Ma 兰天佑等，1994 兴海县日龙沟锡矿床 中型 Sn、Cu、Pb、Zn 海相火
山岩型下二叠统浅变质滨海-浅海相碎屑岩、碳酸盐岩夹火山沉积岩建造 围岩含矿 锡石、黄铁矿、方铅矿、自然铜 — — 王移生，1990；路远发，1990 都兰县小卧龙铁钨锡
矿床中型 W、Sn、Fe 矽卡岩型 奥陶系—志留系中-基性火山沉积变质岩 角岩化泥质砂岩及矽
卡岩磁铁矿、锡石、白钨矿、黄铜矿 富SiO2、K、Sn，属高钾钙碱性系列 似斑状二长花岗岩，印支期 马慧英等，2009 彻依布拉克锡多金属
矿床中型 Sn、Au、Zn、Cu 矽卡岩型 碱长花岗岩 矽卡岩 锡石、黄铜矿、白钨矿、黄铁矿等 富Si、富碱、富轻稀土，贫Mg、Al，Ga/Al值大，具强Eu负异常，A型花岗岩 塔木岩体，(261.5±2.7) Ma 杨富全等，2003 独山锡矿 中型 Sn 热液型 钾长花岗斑岩 钾长花岗斑岩体 锡石、
磁铁矿A2型花岗岩 钾长花岗斑岩，（264.6±1.2）～
（259.9±2.6） Ma张子敏等，2001 若羌县白干湖钨锡矿床 大型 W、Sn 矽卡岩型 古元古界金水口群小庙岩组陆源碎屑岩-碳酸盐岩沉积建造 二长花岗岩、更长花岗岩及其与围岩接触带中 锡石、白钨矿、黑钨矿、黄铜矿、黄铁矿 高碱高钾，富SiO2、Rb、Sn，亏损Ba，Sr，Eu，A型花岗岩 二长花岗岩（430.5±1.2） Ma、（421±4） Ma；含矿更长花岗岩（429.5±3.2） Ma 高永宝等，2011；李大新等，2013 
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表 2 西北地区大中型主要锡矿床与成矿有关的花岗岩体主量元素（%）测试数据
Table 2. Major element compositions (%) of the metallogenic granite of the main tin deposits in Northwest China
矿床名称
岩体白干湖 萨惹什克 小卧龙 彻依布拉克 似斑状二长花岗岩 细粒二长花岗 萨北岩体碱性花岗岩 似斑状二长花岗岩 塔木碱长花岗岩 SiO2 71.10 71.88 76.98 77.36 76.68 76.77 72.88 74.46 71.81 Al2O3 14.55 13.84 9.74 9.00 9.27 10.86 13.61 12.00 13.57 Fe2O3 0.19 0.69 0.83 1.81 1.61 1.87 1.00 0.49 1.10 FeO 1.85 1.70 0.95 1.05 0.71 0.70 1.63 0.90 1.30 MnO 0.10 0.12 0.16 0.18 0.16 0.18 0.05 0.05 0.04 CaO 1.97 1.79 0.40 0.38 0.47 0.20 1.82 0.64 1.75 MgO 0.64 0.71 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.15 0.51 0.09 0.10 K2O 4.23 3.54 3.98 4.13 4.48 3.08 3.57 4.99 4.71 Na2O 3.33 3.32 3.58 3.46 3.07 4.41 3.53 3.15 4.98 P2O5 0.11 0.13 0.20 0.21 0.28 0.22 0.08 0.01 0.01 TiO2 0.26 0.30 0.48 0.53 0.53 0.51 0.01 0.10 0.11 Na2O+K2O 7.56 6.86 7.56 7.59 7.55 7.49 7.10 8.14 9.69 TFeO/MgO 3.16 3.27 15.43 24.35 19.62 15.88 4.96 14.90 22.90 A/CNK 1.07 1.10 0.89 0.83 0.86 0.99 1.05 1.02 0.82 A/NK 1.45 1.49 0.96 0.89 0.94 1.03 1.41 1.13 1.02 注：白干湖数据据李大新等（2013）；萨惹什克数据据唐红峰等（2007）；小卧龙数据据马慧英等（2009）；彻依布拉克数据据杨富全等（2003）。
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