A Review of Geological Characteristics and Time-Space Distribution of Rare Metal Deposits in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt, Xinjiang
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摘要:
在总结前人研究和野外调查基础上，笔者综述了新疆中亚造山带稀有金属矿地质特征和时空分布规律。稀有金属矿主要为花岗伟晶岩型，其次是花岗岩型，少量碱性花岗岩型、碱性正长岩型、火山热液型、碱性伟晶岩型和矽卡岩型，主要分布于阿尔泰，其次是西南天山和东天山。稀有金属成矿年龄变化于151～476 Ma，主要集中在180～290 Ma（早侏罗世—二叠纪），不同地区成矿时间存在差异。二叠纪为后碰撞环境，三叠纪—侏罗纪为板内环境，区域大规模伸展是形成大规模稀有金属矿的地球动力学背景。东天山和西南天山稀有金属成矿与岩浆侵入作用有关，但阿尔泰除阿斯喀尔特、大喀拉苏等少数矿床外，多数稀有金属矿与赋矿花岗岩不存在直接的成因联系。
Abstract:This paper reviews the geological characteristics, spatial and temporal-distribution, and tectonic settings of rare metal deposits in the Xinjiang Central Asian Orogenic Belt. The rare metal deposits are predominantly of granitic pegmatite type, followed by granite type, with a small amount of alkaline granite type, alkaline syenite type, alkaline pegmatite type, volcanic hydrothermal type, and skarn type. They are mainly distributed in the Altay, followed by the East Tianshan and Southwest Tianshan. The rare metal mineralization took place during 467 to 151 Ma and the majority of the deposits are formed in the 290 to 180 Ma (Permian to Early Jurassic). In addition, there are differences in the rare metal mineralization time between different regions. The Permian and Triassic to Jurassic mineralization occurred in post-collision and continental environments, respectively, and the regional large-scale extension background is favorable for the large-scale rare metal mineralization. The rare metal deposits in East Tianshan and Southwest Tianshan are closely related to magmatic intrusion. However, most of the rare metal deposits in the Altay (except for Arskartor and Dakalasu, etc) are no genetic relationship with their ore-hosting granites.
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图 1 新疆中亚造山带地质简图（图A据Chen et al., 2002；图B据董连慧等，2013修改）
Figure 1.
图 2 新疆阿尔泰地质、伟晶岩和主要稀有金属矿分布简图（据邹天人等, 2006；Yang et al., 2013；杨富全等，2018修改）
Figure 2.
图 7 镜儿泉锂铍铌钽矿地质简图及勘探线剖面图（据Liu et al., 2020；三金柱等，2020修改）
Figure 7.
图 8 东天山张宝山铷矿地质简图及勘探线剖面图（据甘肃省地质调查院，2016；蕫连慧，2018；刘延兵等，2023）
Figure 8.
图 10 新疆阿尔泰不同时代稀有金属矿形成的构造背景（A、B和C据牛贺才等，2006；Yang et al., 2018；D据张辉等，2019修改）
Figure 10.
表 1 新疆中亚造山带稀有金属矿成矿年龄
Table 1. Summary of geochronological data for rare meta deposits in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt, Xinjiang
序号 矿床 测试对象 测试方法 年龄（Ma） 参考文献 阿尔泰 1 也留曼REE‒Nb矿 伟晶岩 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 476 ± 12 任宝琴等，2011 2 那森恰含稀有金属工业白云母矿 白云母 Ar‒Ar年龄 447.6 ± 3.2 王登红等，2002 3 拜城工业白云母Li‒Be‒Nb‒Ta矿 白云母 Ar‒Ar坪年龄 436 ± 0.5 王登红等，2002 伟晶岩（No.40） 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 275.5 ± 4.2 任宝琴等，2011 伟晶岩（No.40） 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 274.0 ± 5.3 Lü et al., 2021 4 青河塔拉特Li‒Be‒Nb‒Ta矿 伟晶岩 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 385.9 ± 3.5 Lü et al., 2018 白云母 Ar‒Ar 坪年龄 286.4 ± 1.6 Zhou et al., 2016 5 乔拉克赛工业白云母矿，
伴有Nb‒Ta‒Be矿化白云母 Ar‒Ar等时线年龄 370.3 王登红等，2002 6 库威工业白云母‒REE‒Nb‒Ta‒Be矿 白云母 Ar‒Ar坪年龄 369.8 ± 0.4 王登红等，2002 伟晶岩 锆石U‒Pb 200.2 ± 1.9 张辉等，2019 伟晶岩（No. 554） 锆石U‒Pb 197.3 ± 1.3 张辉等，2019 伟晶岩 锆石U‒Pb 194.2 ± 1.8 张辉等，2019 伟晶岩 锆石U‒Pb 192.9 ± 1.5 张辉等，2019 7 阿木拉宫Li‒Be‒Nb‒Ta矿 伟晶岩 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 358.3 ± 4.6 Lü et al., 2018 8 铁木勒特Be矿 伟晶岩 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 333.0 ± 3 Lü et al., 2018 9 将军山Rb‒Nb‒Ta矿 钾长花岗岩 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 283.0 ± 2 杨富全未刊资料 10 阿木斯台Be‒Nb‒Ta矿 伟晶岩 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 275.5 ± 4.2 Lü et al., 2012 11 加曼哈巴Be‒Nb‒Ta矿 伟晶岩 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 269.4 ± 1.6 任宝琴等，2011 伟晶岩 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 237.5 ± 2.6 任宝琴等，2011 伟晶岩 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 260.4 ± 4.0 Lü et al., 2021 12 也留曼Be矿 伟晶岩 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 263.8 ± 1.6 任宝琴等，2011 伟晶岩 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 262.9 ± 3.8 Lü et al., 2021 13 塔尔浪Be矿 伟晶岩 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 255.5 ± 2.7 Lü et al., 2021 14 萨尔加克Li‒Be‒Nb‒Ta矿 伟晶岩 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 252.7 ± 3.1 Lü et al., 2021 15 阿克巴斯塔乌Be‒Nb‒Ta矿 伟晶岩 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 253.0 ± 3.0 Lü et al., 2021 16 切木尔切克Be‒Nb‒Ta矿 伟晶岩 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 253.5 ± 3.2 Lü et al., 2021 17 阿巴宫‒塔拉特Be‒Nb‒Ta矿 伟晶岩 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 246.8 ± 1.2 Lü et al., 2012 18 大喀拉苏Be‒Nb‒Ta矿 伟晶岩中白云母 Ar‒Ar坪年龄 248.4 ± 2.1 王登红等，2002 伟晶岩 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 258.0 ± 3.8 Lü et al., 2021 伟晶岩 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 231.8 ± 4.7 秦克章等，2013 伟晶岩 铌钽铁矿LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 229.9 ± 1.4 Feng et al., 2020 伟晶岩 铌钽铁矿LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 228.2 ± 0.4 Feng et al., 2020 伟晶岩 铌钽矿LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 239.6±3.8 Zhou et al., 2016 19 阿克巴斯塔乌Be矿 伟晶岩 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 249.7 ± 0.7 任宝琴等，2011 20 切别林Be矿 伟晶岩 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 240.5 ± 1.4 任宝琴等，2011 21 苇子峡Be矿 伟晶岩 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 248.2 ± 2.2 秦克章等, 2013 伟晶岩中白云母 Ar‒Ar坪年龄 237.4 ± 1.2 Zhou et al., 2016 22 冲乎尔Be矿 伟晶岩 锆石U‒Pb 234.2 ± 2.4 张辉等，2019 23 小喀拉苏Li‒Be‒Nb‒Ta矿 伟晶岩 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 296.3 ± 9.0 秦克章等, 2013 伟晶岩（No. 208） 锆石U‒Pb 241.5±3.1 张辉等，2019 伟晶岩 铌钽矿LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 258.1±3.1 Zhou et al., 2016 伟晶岩 铌钽矿LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 262.3±2.5 Zhou et al., 2016 伟晶岩中白云母 Ar‒Ar坪年龄 233.8 ± 0.4 王登红等，2003 白云母 Ar‒Ar 坪年龄 237.7 ± 1.3 Zhou et al., 2016 24 磨什尕Li‒Nb‒Ta矿 伟晶岩 锆石U‒Pb 249.2±2.9 张辉等，2019 25 大萨孜Be矿 伟晶岩 锆石U‒Pb 239.0 ± 2.6 张辉等，2019 26 阿斯喀尔特Be‒Nb‒Mo矿 伟晶岩 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 220.6 ± 1.6 刘文政等，2015 伟晶岩 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 218.2 ± 3.9 王春龙等，2015 似伟晶岩中辉钼矿 Re‒Os 加权平均年龄 218.6 ± 1.3 王春龙等，2015 似伟晶岩中辉钼矿 Re‒Os 等时线年龄 228.7 ± 7.1 刘文政等，2015 白云母钠长石花岗岩中辉钼矿 Re‒Os 加权平均年龄 214.9 ± 1.2 丁欣等，2016 27 可可托海稀有金属矿 伟晶岩I带 锆石 SHRIMP U‒Pb 220 ± 9 Wang et al., 2007 伟晶岩V带 锆石 SHRIMP U‒Pb 198 ± 7 Wang et al., 2007 伟晶岩VII带 锆石 SHRIMP U‒Pb 213 ± 6 Wang et al., 2007 伟晶岩II带 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 186.5 ± 2.0 Zhou et al., 2015 伟晶岩V带 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 210.7 ± 6.3 Zhou et al., 2015 伟晶岩VI带 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 187.4 ± 2.7 Zhou et al., 2015 伟晶岩VII带 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 193.3 ± 6.4 Zhou et al., 2015 伟晶岩VIII带 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 198.5 ± 4.2 Zhou et al., 2015 伟晶岩II带 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 211.9 ± 3.2 陈剑锋，2011 伟晶岩IV带 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 214.9 ± 2.1 陈剑锋，2011 伟晶岩V带 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 212.0 ± 4.1 陈剑锋，2011 缓倾斜部分伟晶岩带 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 212.0 ± 1.8 陈剑锋，2011 伟晶岩 铌钽矿LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 218 ± 2 Che et al., 2015 伟晶岩I带中辉钼矿 Re‒Os等时线年龄 208.8 ± 2.4 Liu et al., 2014 伟晶岩II带中白云母 Ar‒Ar坪年龄 179.7 ± 1.1 Zhou et al., 2015 伟晶岩IV带中白云母 Ar‒Ar坪年龄 182.1 ± 1.0 Zhou et al., 2015 伟晶岩VI带中白云母 Ar‒Ar坪年龄 181.8 ± 1.1 Zhou et al., 2015 28 虎斯特Be‒Nb‒Ta矿 伟晶岩 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 244.3 ± 1.1 任宝琴等，2011 伟晶岩 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 195.9 ± 2.4 秦克章等，2013 伟晶岩 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 198.5±2.5 Zhou et al., 2016 白云母 Ar‒Ar 坪年龄 178.8 ± 1.0 Zhou et al., 2016 29 尚克兰Be 伟晶岩 锆石U‒Pb 约208 张辉等，2019 30 群库尔Be‒Nb‒Ta矿 伟晶岩 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 207.2 ± 1.6 Lü et al., 2012 伟晶岩 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 206.8 ± 1.6 任宝琴等，2011 伟晶岩 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 194.3 ± 1.6 秦克章等，2013 白云母 Ar‒Ar 坪年龄 162.2 ± 0.9 Zhou et al., 2016 31 佳木开Be‒Nb‒Ta矿 伟晶岩 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 212.2 ± 1.7 任宝琴等，2011 伟晶岩 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 199.1 ± 1.0 任宝琴等，2011 伟晶岩 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 192.0 ±2.3 Zhang et al., 2016 32 库卡拉盖（650号）Li‒Be矿 伟晶岩 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 207.9 ± 5.1 秦克章等，2013 伟晶岩 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 227.9 ± 2.6 张辉等，2014 伟晶岩 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 211.3 ± 2.4 张辉等，2014 33 柯鲁木特Li‒Be‒Nb‒Ta矿 伟晶岩 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 202.9 ± 0.8 任宝琴等，2011 伟晶岩 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 191.8 ± 1.4 秦克章等，2013 伟晶岩 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 238.3 ± 2.0 Lü et al., 2012 伟晶岩 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 233.5 ± 3.7 Lü et al., 2012 伟晶岩 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 188.3 ± 1.7 Lü et al., 2012 伟晶岩 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 218.8 ± 1.9 Lü et al., 2012 伟晶岩 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 210.7 ± 1.6 Lü et al., 2012 34 卡鲁安Li矿 805脉伟晶岩 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 216.0 ± 2.6 马占龙等，2015 806脉伟晶岩 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 223.7 ± 1.8 马占龙等，2015 807脉伟晶岩 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 221 ± 15 马占龙等，2015 伟晶岩 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 224.6 ± 2.3 Zhang et al., 2016 伟晶岩 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 191.6 ± 2.0 Zhang et al., 2016 34 卡鲁安Li矿 伟晶岩 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 192.6 ± 2.3 Zhang et al., 2016 803脉伟晶岩 铌钽铁矿LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 209.5 ± 1.4 Feng et al., 2019 802脉伟晶岩 铌钽铁矿LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 198.3 ± 2.0 Feng et al., 2019 805脉伟晶岩 铌钽铁矿LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 224.3 ± 2.9 Feng et al., 2019 35 沙依肯布拉克Be矿 伟晶岩似文象结构带 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 201.9 ± 2.3 杨富全等，2018 伟晶岩中块体微斜长石带 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 202.2 ± 3.4 杨富全等，2018 36 阿祖拜Be矿 伟晶岩 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 191.6 ± 2.1 Zhang et al., 2016 伟晶岩 锆石U‒Pb 215.6 ± 0.9 周天怡，2015 伟晶岩 锆石U‒Pb 201.0 ± 1.3 周天怡，2015 白云母 Ar‒Ar坪年龄 154.1 ± 0.1 王登红等，2000 37 小虎斯特Li‒Be‒Nb‒Ta矿 伟晶岩 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 190.6 ± 1.2 任宝琴等，2011 38 阿拉散Be矿 伟晶岩 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 185 ± 2.7 杨富全等，2018 39 库儒尔特Li‒Be‒Nb‒Ta矿 伟晶岩 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 180.7 ± 0.5 任宝琴等，2011 40 别也萨麻斯Li‒Be‒Nb‒Ta矿 伟晶岩 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 151 ± 1.8 丁建刚等，2020 伟晶岩 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 157.2 ± 0.5 吕正航等，2015 东天山 41 镜儿泉Li‒Be‒Nb‒Ta矿 I号伟晶岩 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 218.0 ± 1.8 李寄邦等，2020 I号伟晶岩 铌钽铁矿LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 250.8 ± 1.0 凤永刚等，2021 II号伟晶岩 白云母Ar‒Ar 243.0 ± 2.0 陈郑辉等，2006 42 国宝山Rb矿（甘肃） 天河石花岗岩 锆石 LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 247 ± 3.0 贺昕宇，2019 含天河石花岗岩 锆石 LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 246.8 ± 3.0 Chen et al., 2022 含天河石花岗岩 独居石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 245.0 ± 1.2 Chen et al., 2022 天河石花岗岩 独居石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 243.4 ± 2.0 Chen et al., 2022 含天河石花岗岩 锡石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 241.8 ± 3.1 Chen et al., 2022 天河石花岗岩 锡石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 242.2 ± 0.9 Chen et al., 2022 含天河石花岗岩 铌钽矿LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 239.8 ± 5.5 Chen et al., 2022 天河石花岗岩 铌钽矿LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 243.5 ± 2.3 Chen et al., 2022 天河石伟晶岩 铌钽矿LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 243.6 ± 1.9 Chen et al., 2022 天河石伟晶岩 独居石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 247.1 ± 2.4 Chen et al., 2022 43 张宝山（白石头泉）Rb矿 天河石花岗岩 白云母Ar‒Ar 241.5 ± 2.7 吴昌志等，2021 黄玉钠长花岗岩 铌钽矿LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 251.0 ± 1.1 吴昌志等，2021 含天河石花岗岩 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 248.0 ± 3.1 Zhi et al., 2021 含黄玉天河石花岗岩 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 238 ± 5.9 Zhi et al., 2021 44 沙东W‒Rb矿 花岗岩 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 239 ± 2.0 Chen et al., 2018 西南天山 45 波孜果尔Nb‒Ta矿 矿化霓石花岗岩 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 275.1 ± 1.3 徐海明等，2012 矿化霓石花岗岩 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 275 ± 1.4 徐海明等，2012 霓石钠闪碱长花岗岩 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 290.6 ± 2. 8 刘春花等，2014 霓石钠闪碱长花岗岩 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 289.4 ± 3.8 刘春花等，2014 霓石钠闪石英碱长正长岩 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 291.6 ± 2.9 刘春花等，2014 黑云母碱长正长岩 锆石LA‒ICP‒MS U‒Pb 287.7 ± 2.9 刘春花等，2014 46 克其克果勒Nb‒Ta矿 矿化霓霞正长岩 锆石U‒Pb 279 徐海明等，2012 47 巴什苏洪铌钽矿 碱长花岗岩 锆石SHRIMP U‒Pb 277.0 ± 2.1 邹思远，2016 西准噶尔 48 白杨河Be‒U‒Mo矿 铍铀矿化萤石脉 白云母Ar‒Ar 303 ± 1.6 Li et al., 2015 
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