Tectono-Thermal Evolution of Late Mesozoic Extensional Granite Domes in Southern Mongolia and the Sino-Mongolian Border Region: Constraints from Low-Temperature Thermochronology
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摘要:
南蒙古–中蒙边界地区是东北亚伸展构造发育的重要区域，晚中生代花岗岩穹隆的形成和热演化对于理解区域伸展机制和动力学具有重要意义。笔者采用磷灰石裂变径迹和锆石（U-Th）/He等低温热年代学方法，结合40Ar-39Ar热年代学数据对南蒙古及邻区的罕乌拉、Nartyn和Altanshiree 等3个花岗岩穹隆的构造热演化过程进行分析，结果显示3个穹隆韧性剪切带的磷灰石裂变径迹年龄为（104.9±5.8） Ma、（101.3±5.5） Ma、（110.7±6.2） Ma、（110.1±7.4） Ma，锆石（U-Th）/He年龄为（123.4±7.4） Ma、（123.7±7.4） Ma，黑云母40Ar-39Ar年龄为（123.9±0.9）Ma、（121.3±1.4） Ma，钾长石40Ar-39Ar年龄为（122.2±1.2）Ma、（122.3±0.8） Ma。热史模拟结果表明，晚中生代3个穹隆均经历了明显的隆升，根据隆升速率的差异可分为3个阶段：①133～125 Ma为中等速度隆升。②125～123 Ma为快速隆升。③123～100 Ma为缓慢隆升。穹隆隆升过程与区域性岩浆作用及伸展构造活动紧密相关：早期岩浆开始侵入并加热地壳，导致地壳岩石圈强度降低，诱导穹隆隆升，后期区域性拉张背景促使穹隆快速隆升，此外，隆升活动与东北亚早白垩世其他典型变质核杂岩伸展事件具有一致性。蒙古鄂霍茨克洋闭合后垮塌引发的岩石圈伸展与古太平洋板块俯冲后回撤可能共同驱动了穹隆的隆升。
Abstract:The South Mongolia–Central Mongolia border region is a significant area for the development of extensional tectonics in Northeast Asia. The formation and thermal evolution of Mesozoic granite domes in this region provide key insights into the mechanisms and dynamics of regional extension. This study combines low-temperature thermochronology techniques, including apatite fission-track dating, zircon (U-Th)/He dating and 40Ar-39Ar dating to analyze the tectonothermal evolution of three granite domes (Hannuula, Nartyn, and Altanshiree) across South Mongolia and adjacent areas. The results indicate that the ages of apatite fission-track dating from the ductile shear zones of these domes are (104.9±5.8)Ma, (101.3±5.5) Ma, (110.7±6.2) Ma, and (110.1±7.4) Ma, The zircon (U-Th)/He ages are(123.4±7.4)Ma and (123.7±7.4) Ma; biotite 40Ar/39Ar ages are (123.9±0.9) Ma and (121.3±1.4) Ma; and K-feldspar 40Ar/39Ar ages are (122.2±1.2) Ma and (122.3±0.8) Ma. Thermal history modeling reveals that all three domes underwent significant uplift during the Late Mesozoic with three distinct uplift phases: ① moderate uplift between 133 and 125 Ma. ② rapid uplift from 125 to 123 Ma, and ③ slow uplift from 123 to 100 Ma. The uplift of the domes is closely linked to regional magmatism and extensional tectonics. Early magmatic intrusions heated the crust, reducing lithospheric strength and inducing dome uplift, while regional extension during the later stages promoted rapid uplift. Furthermore, the uplift events are consistent with other extensional events associated with metamorphic core complexes in Northeast Asia during the Early Cretaceous. Lithospheric extension triggered by the collapse of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean and the rollback of the subducted Pacific Plate likely played a key role in driving the uplift of these granite domes.
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图 2 东北亚地区晚中生代变质核杂岩或伸展穹隆构造分布图（据Wang et al., 2012修改）
Figure 2.
图 4 Nartyn穹隆构造简图（据Daoudene et al., 2012）
Figure 4.
表 1 南蒙古-中蒙边境花岗岩穹隆韧性剪切带内样品特征及低温年代学信息
Table 1. Characteristics and geochronology of mylonitic samples from the granite domes at the South Mongolia-Sino-Mongolian border
样品 采样地点 GPS点位 岩性 高程
（m）AFT年龄
（Ma）ZHe年龄
（Ma）Ar-Ar年龄
（Ma）N180717-4 罕乌拉穹隆 116°36′44″E
46°03′54″N糜棱岩化细粒黑云
母钾长花岗岩890 104.94±5.84 123.4±7.35 123.9±0.90（Bi）
122.3±0.80（K）N180717-9 罕乌拉穹隆 116°36′44″E
46°03′54″N糜棱岩化中粗粒黑
云母钾长花岗岩890 121.3±1.40（Bi）
122.2±1.20（K）M19713-39.1 Nartyn穹隆 108°37′43.04″E
45°44′28.47″N糜棱岩化闪长岩 1125 101.30±5.51 123.7±7.42 M19715-310.2 Altanshiree穹隆 110°37′55.60″E
45°46′43.36″N花岗质糜棱岩 1109 101.73±6.20 M19715-311.1 Altanshiree穹隆 110°37′56.89″E
45°45′39.60″N花岗质糜棱岩 1117 110.05±7.38 
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表 2 南蒙古-中蒙边境花岗岩穹隆磷灰石裂变径迹分析结果
Table 2. Apatite fission track data of the granitoid samples from the South Mongolia-Sino-Mongolian border
样号 颗粒数目 径迹密度（106 tr cm−2） 卡方检验（Pχ2） 裂变径迹
年龄（Ma）平均裂变径
迹长度SD ρs（Ns） ρi（Ni） ρd（Nd） （±1σ） （µm ± 1s.e.）
（no of tracks）（µm） N180717-4 20 0.9584 （679）1.937（ 1372 ）1.246（ 3987 ）＜0.01%（99.9%） 104.9±5.5 13.66±0.09（100） 0.94 M19713-39.1 20 1.640（723） 3.359（ 1481 ）1.219（ 3902 ）＜0.01%（＞99.9%） 101.3±5.5 13.70±0.10（100） 1.02 M19715-311.1 20 0.4990 （427）0.9303 （796）1.206（ 3860 ）＜0.01%（＞99.9%） 110.1±7.4 13.97±0.15（40） 0.93 M19715-310.2 20 1.138（533） 2.271（ 1064 ）1.193（ 3818 ）＜0.01%（＞99.9%） 101.7±6.2 13.58±0.13（54） 0.97
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表 3 南蒙古-中蒙边境花岗岩穹隆锆石（U-Th）/He分析结果
Table 3. Analysed ages of ziron of the granitoid samples from the South Mongolia-Sino-Mongolian border
样品 4He +/− U +/− Th +/− Th/U FT 矫正年龄 +/− 等效半径 ncc 10−6 10−6 factor Ma Ma μm M19713-39.1-2 33.46 0.89 1771.08 45.49 673.08 15.56 0.39 0.64 128.1 7.8 42.4 M19713-39.1-3 18.75 0.48 872.21 19.82 515.24 10.44 0.61 0.66 116.9 7.0 44.3 M19713-39.1-4 60.70 1.63 2149.20 49.33 824.03 16.16 0.39 0.69 126.2 7.6 48.0 M19713-39.1-5 37.31 0.95 1150.77 27.68 587.72 12.19 0.52 0.69 121.1 7.3 49.3 加权平均年龄：（123.07±7.42）Ma N1801717-4-1 6.47 0.16 449.93 10.32 173.80 3.70 0.40 0.63 120.8 7.2 40.3 N1801717-4-2 13.52 0.34 1214.71 26.45 527.63 10.08 0.45 0.59 124.4 7.4 37.1 N1801717-4-3 23.41 0.59 847.47 19.27 195.43 3.97 0.24 0.69 124.1 7.4 47.7 N1801717-4-4 7.15 0.18 213.55 4.88 102.70 2.10 0.49 0.69 124.2 7.4 49.4 加权平均年龄：（123.40±7.35） Ma
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表 4 罕乌拉穹隆样品40Ar-39Ar数据测试结果
Table 4. Test results of 40Ar-39Ar data of samples of the Hanwula Dome
实验编号 40Ar/39Ar ± 1σ 37Ar/39Ar ± 1σ 36Ar/39Ar ± 1σ 40Ar*/39Ark ± 2σ 40Ar*（%） 39Ark（%） Age± 2σ（Ma） 样号 N180717-4B 黑云母 J = 0.00371200 ±0.00001114 0.24 W 20.531780 0.104821 0.142605 0.060565 0.019815 0.000432 14.68929 ± 0.29077 71.54 15.85 95.79 ±1.85 0.31 W 20.119006 0.103066 0.135168 0.075452 0.005498 0.000148 18.50699 ± 0.20882 91.98 11.71 119.87 ±1.31 0.39 W 20.308166 0.104367 0.120672 0.094277 0.005129 0.000148 18.80366 ± 0.21229 92.58 9.38 121.73 ±1.33 0.47 W 4 20.739718 0.109146 0.409513 0.151288 0.005897 0.000183 19.03585 ± 0.22857 91.76 6.36 123.18 ±1.43 0.54 W 4 20.775851 0.109524 0.115864 0.196640 0.005644 0.000212 19.11888 ± 0.23901 92.02 4.89 123.70 ±1.49 0.63 W 4 20.884293 0.110252 0.278187 0.197592 0.006560 0.000227 18.97202 ± 0.24282 90.83 4.48 122.78 ±1.52 0.70 W 4 20.754695 0.108812 0.234170 0.198751 0.005961 0.000209 19.01533 ± 0.23637 91.60 4.84 123.05 ±1.48 0.78 W 4 20.503014 0.107249 0.340590 0.190122 0.004625 0.000199 19.16862 ± 0.23448 93.47 4.66 124.01 ±1.47 0.86 W 4 20.610343 0.110820 0.726417 0.257214 0.004061 0.000233 19.47945 ± 0.25430 94.47 3.75 125.96 ±1.59 0.93 W 4 19.988401 0.106379 0.611624 0.216567 0.002748 0.000172 19.23439 ± 0.23151 96.19 4.46 124.42 ±1.45 1.00 W 4 20.585591 0.108484 0.394969 0.209604 0.004985 0.000205 19.14978 ± 0.23770 93.00 4.60 123.90 ±1.49 1.08 W 4 19.813551 0.102555 0.068224 0.115787 0.002211 0.000103 19.16651 ± 0.20846 96.73 8.33 124.00 ±1.30 1.24 W 4 19.575201 0.100446 0.064570 0.091324 0.001823 0.000090 19.04234 ± 0.20308 97.27 10.57 123.22 ±1.27 1.49 W 4 19.838581 0.106558 0.346033 0.386145 0.002960 0.000285 18.99668 ± 0.27236 95.73 2.30 122.94 ±1.70 1.89 W 4 20.273910 0.113862 0.597110 0.563081 0.003629 0.000404 19.25823 ± 0.33578 94.95 1.72 124.57 ±2.10 2.55 W 4 20.496665 0.113778 0.760246 0.424380 0.003933 0.000335 19.40695 ± 0.30111 94.63 2.10 125.50 ±1.88 样号 N180717-4K 钾长石 J = 0.00369000 ±0.00001107 0.24 W 25.163348 0.085913 0.403111 0.219346 0.021854 0.000353 18.74350 ± 0.24421 74.47 2.49 120.66 ±1.52 0.31 W 4 19.328187 0.062117 0.058952 0.083375 0.001435 0.000054 18.90947 ± 0.12654 97.83 6.56 121.69 ±0.79 0.39 W 4 19.252791 0.062362 0.190835 0.093198 0.000720 0.000042 19.05811 ± 0.12694 98.98 6.48 122.62 ±0.79 0.47 W 4 19.529441 0.063189 0.224488 0.122151 0.001812 0.000068 19.01513 ± 0.13113 97.35 4.48 122.35 ±0.82 0.54 W 4 20.093618 0.064802 0.146194 0.103398 0.003816 0.000087 18.97970 ± 0.13392 94.45 5.30 122.13 ±0.83 0.63 W 4 20.881883 0.066766 0.201178 0.104793 0.006824 0.000122 18.88444 ± 0.14161 90.42 5.78 121.53 ±0.88 0.70 W 4 20.657816 0.063624 0.079660 0.019460 0.005707 0.000079 18.97887 ± 0.12567 91.87 28.22 122.12 ±0.78 0.78 W 4 20.571003 0.063101 0.067531 0.023995 0.005056 0.000071 19.08308 ± 0.12423 92.76 25.27 122.77 ±0.77 0.86 W 4 20.548632 0.065367 0.140247 0.066146 0.004848 0.000086 19.12911 ± 0.13234 93.08 8.30 123.06 ±0.82 0.93 W 20.502663 0.076789 1.015035 0.422475 0.003905 0.000210 19.44532 ± 0.20393 94.78 1.30 125.02 ±1.27 1.00 W 20.754697 0.079351 1.312573 0.546316 0.004099 0.000247 19.66863 ± 0.22867 94.68 1.01 126.41 ±1.42 1.08 W 20.448630 0.066922 0.333780 0.124320 0.004055 0.000096 19.28210 ± 0.13989 94.27 4.42 124.01 ±0.87 1.24 W 20.527270 0.102368 1.637441 1.447526 0.002510 0.000531 19.94230 ± 0.44333 97.04 0.38 128.11 ±2.75 1.49 W 21.717950 0.366280 18.755073 20.929979 0.007100 0.006277 21.43388 ± 5.21189 97.43 0.03 137.33 ±32.16 样号 N180717-9B 黑云母 J = 0.00339100 ±0.00001017 0.24 W 23.004564 0.119670 0.181200 0.235896 0.028023 0.000638 14.74023 ± 0.40020 64.07 5.64 88.00 ±2.33 0.31 W 21.943223 0.127811 1.222262 0.795877 0.010930 0.000566 18.82936 ± 0.42035 85.74 1.67 111.67 ±2.42 0.39 W 22.326218 0.123558 0.263407 0.514345 0.010036 0.000428 19.38573 ± 0.34143 86.81 2.59 114.87 ±1.96 0.47 W 21.764129 0.115855 − − 0.008902 0.000281 19.10967 ± 0.26693 87.82 4.08 113.28 ±1.53 0.54 W 21.693013 0.113462 − − 0.007724 0.000253 19.38726 ± 0.25510 89.39 4.93 114.87 ±1.46 0.63 W 21.679232 0.114854 0.185663 0.290037 0.006368 0.000239 19.81492 ± 0.25704 91.39 4.60 117.33 ±1.47 0.70 W 21.889067 0.115529 0.336051 0.356497 0.006520 0.000263 19.99446 ± 0.26815 91.32 4.07 118.36 ±1.54 0.78 W 22.129088 0.117367 0.202087 0.315695 0.008445 0.000278 19.65266 ± 0.26971 88.80 4.23 116.40 ±1.55 0.86 W 4 22.041749 0.116604 − − 0.005404 0.000254 20.41729 ± 0.26986 92.65 3.59 120.78 ±1.54 0.93 W 4 22.023307 0.120175 − − 0.004626 0.000246 20.62693 ± 0.27570 93.68 3.40 121.98 ±1.58 1.00 W 4 22.075273 0.120652 0.366199 0.476738 0.005208 0.000311 20.57129 ± 0.30078 93.16 2.81 121.66 ±1.72 1.08 W 4 22.212936 0.117836 0.487768 0.272280 0.005820 0.000231 20.53972 ± 0.26071 92.44 4.92 121.48 ±1.49 1.24 W 4 21.759433 0.111894 0.109716 0.116391 0.004820 0.000134 20.34543 ± 0.22440 93.49 12.51 120.37 ±1.28 1.49 W 4 21.566047 0.110471 0.000000 0.114503 0.004437 0.000128 20.25466 ± 0.22140 93.92 12.72 119.85 ±1.27 2.55 W 4 21.773349 0.112491 0.100670 0.157263 0.003532 0.000135 20.73913 ± 0.23006 95.24 8.54 122.62 ±1.32 样号 N180717-9K 钾长石 J = 0.00340900 ±0.00001023 0.16 W 161.147324 2.051576 − − 0.342016 0.011232 53.85386 ± 6.39471 34.61 0.05 304.13 ±33.24 0.24 W 47.535005 0.356976 1.020714 2.887088 0.073486 0.002361 25.92193 ± 1.49508 54.49 0.22 152.78 ±8.45 0.31 W 4 22.946326 0.134071 − − 0.009189 0.000484 20.20706 ± 0.40361 88.08 0.60 120.19 ±2.32 0.39 W 4 21.559667 0.117302 − − 0.003792 0.000237 20.39952 ± 0.27949 94.65 1.08 121.30 ±1.61 0.47 W 4 21.022739 0.111769 0.185482 0.393483 0.001575 0.000142 20.57489 ± 0.24337 97.86 1.60 122.30 ±1.40 0.54 W 4 20.983271 0.109254 − − 0.001626 0.000108 20.49366 ± 0.22718 97.67 2.36 121.84 ±1.31 0.63 W 4 20.627325 0.107597 − − 0.000455 0.000082 20.44001 ± 0.22204 99.13 2.71 121.53 ±1.28 0.70 W 4 20.605658 0.106689 0.065024 0.169290 0.000615 0.000060 20.42996 ± 0.21637 99.14 3.43 121.47 ±1.24 0.78 W 4 20.621180 0.107199 − − 0.000459 0.000063 20.48313 ± 0.21856 99.33 3.25 121.78 ±1.26 0.86 W 4 20.616450 0.107153 − − 0.000557 0.000068 20.43969 ± 0.21862 99.15 3.00 121.53 ±1.26 0.93 W 4 20.568653 0.107310 0.027789 0.235795 0.000442 0.000076 20.44064 ± 0.22143 99.38 2.68 121.53 ±1.27 1.00 W 4 20.677657 0.108624 0.454520 0.275624 0.000695 0.000089 20.51578 ± 0.22661 99.19 2.29 121.96 ±1.30 1.08 W 4 20.641435 0.109085 0.069387 0.270966 0.000622 0.000094 20.46396 ± 0.22791 99.14 2.15 121.67 ±1.31 1.16 W 4 20.767389 0.110617 0.371822 0.315586 0.000833 0.000102 20.55665 ± 0.23315 98.96 2.00 122.20 ±1.34 1.24 W 4 20.781080 0.110559 − − 0.001087 0.000111 20.45615 ± 0.23230 98.44 2.03 121.62 ±1.34 1.30 W 4 20.921318 0.110546 − − 0.001401 0.000106 20.46399 ± 0.23034 97.84 2.16 121.67 ±1.32 1.38 W 4 20.912413 0.109562 − − 0.001458 0.000101 20.46715 ± 0.22646 97.88 2.52 121.68 ±1.30 1.64 W 4 21.413501 0.109436 0.084902 0.090068 0.002952 0.000082 20.54906 ± 0.21602 95.96 7.04 122.16 ±1.24 1.89 W 4 21.383846 0.108055 0.019233 0.037556 0.002584 0.000062 20.62180 ± 0.21162 96.44 15.55 122.57 ±1.22 2.13 W 4 21.006622 0.107757 0.018975 0.080507 0.001004 0.000042 20.71169 ± 0.21438 98.59 7.94 123.09 ±1.23 2.30 W 4 21.153334 0.107174 0.038664 0.037754 0.001304 0.000039 20.77162 ± 0.21183 98.19 15.59 123.43 ±1.22 2.55 W 4 21.056866 0.107121 0.097790 0.069175 0.001061 0.000042 20.75256 ± 0.21297 98.55 9.25 123.33 ±1.22 2.79 W 4 21.142492 0.108544 − − 0.001029 0.000048 20.83118 ± 0.21640 98.53 6.12 123.78 ±1.24 3.01 W 4 22.324369 0.120802 − − 0.004742 0.000230 20.83340 ± 0.27230 93.38 1.38 123.79 ±1.56
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表 5 基于热史模拟法、年龄–封闭温度法和矿物对法的南蒙古–中蒙边境花岗岩穹隆隆升速率
Table 5. The rate of granite dome uplift in the South Mongolia-Sino-Mongolian border on thermal history simulation, age-sealing temperature method and mineral pair method
样号 热史模拟法 年龄-封闭温度法 矿物对法 快速隆升阶段 较缓慢隆升阶段 ZHe AFT Bi Ar-Ar/ZHe ZHe/AFT 时间 速率 时间 速率 年龄 速率 年龄 速率 时间 速率 时间 速率 M180717-4 133～124
124～1231.41
5.71123～105 0.109 123.4 0.038 104.9 0.026 123.9～123.4 5.71 123.4～104.9 0.109 M19713-39.1 133～125
125～1231.79
2.02123～101 0.09 123.7 0.038 101.3 0.027 125～123.7 2.02 123.7～101.3 0.09 M19715-311.1 127～126
126～12314.3
1.27123～110 0.151 110.1 0.025 时间单位为Ma；速率单位为Km/Ma
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