The Formation Process and Metallogenic Implications of Carbonate Minerals in the Axi Low-Sulfidation Epithermal Gold Deposit in the Western Tianshan, Xinjiang
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摘要:
新疆西天山阿希金矿床是赋存于陆相火山岩中的低硫型浅成低温热液金矿床。该矿床成矿过程分为石英–绢云母–黄铁矿（I）、石英–黄铁矿（II）、石英–多金属硫化物–碳酸盐（III）、碳酸盐–石英（IV）和碳酸盐（V）5个阶段。碳酸盐矿物是金矿石中除石英外最主要的非金属矿物，其组构与成分特征记录了成矿物质来源及成矿流体演化信息。笔者对阶段II皮壳状石英中自形粗粒白云石（Dol-I）、阶段III叶片状白云石（Dol-II）、阶段IV脉状白云石（Dol-III）和阶段V脉状方解石（Cal-IV）开展了岩相学观察、阴极发光拍摄、电子探针和C-O同位素分析。结果显示：Dol-I由白云石（Dol-Ia）和铁白云石（Dol-Ib）组成，二者的FeO含量（0.31%～0.68%、14.17%～14.66%）差异显著；Dol-II和Dol-III的FeO含量（0.63%～1.48%、1.57%～3.89%）相似，均属含铁白云石。Dol-III和Cal-IV的δ13CV-PDB均值分别为3.05‰、2.48‰，与海相碳酸盐的碳同位素组成相似，表明流体中碳可能源自矿区基底灰岩；二者的δ18OSMOW均值为15.72‰和15.68‰，呈负向飘移，可能是循环大气降水萃取赋矿大哈拉军山组火山岩所致。阶段II皮壳状矿石从脉壁向中心分别形成平行的含载金硫化物的石英微条带、梳状石英、胶状结构“球状”石英和Dol-I，表明它是成矿流体经历多次流体沸腾作用后，酸性气体逸失和硫化物大量沉淀的碱性条件下的产物。阶段III中Dol-II呈叶片状发育在烟灰色隐晶质石英中，表明它是流体初始沸腾过程中从非平衡过饱和热液体系中直接析出的产物。阶段IV中Dol-III呈自形粗粒的白云石脉穿切早期矿脉，它是在浅地表成矿环境稳定的条件下缓慢结晶形成的。阶段V中Cal-IV呈自形粗粒分布于成矿系统边缘，在温压降低的条件下，由热液中CO2、H2S逸失以及HCO3−解离产生的CO32−与Ca2+结合所形成。综合碳酸盐矿物组构学、主量元素和同位素地球化学特征，笔者认为流体沸腾是阿希金矿床阶段II、阶段III矿质富集沉淀的关键机制。
Abstract:The Axi gold deposit in the western Tianshan of Xinjiang is a low-sulfidation epithermal gold deposit hosted in continental volcanic rocks. The ore-forming process of this deposit can be divided into five stages: quartz-sericite-pyrite (I), quartz-pyrite (II), quartz-polymetallic sulfide-carbonate (III), carbonate-quartz (IV), and carbonate (V). Carbonate minerals, apart from quartz, are the most important non-metallic minerals in gold ores. Their textural and compositional characteristics record information about the source of ore-forming materials and the evolution of ore-forming fluids. In this paper, petrographic observations, cathodoluminescence photography, electron probe analysis, and C-O isotope analysis were carried out on the euhedral coarse-grained dolomite (Dol-I) in the stage II crustiform quartz, the bladed dolomite (Dol-II) in stage III, the vein dolomite (Dol-III) in stage IV, and the vein calcite (Cal-IV) in stage V. The results show that Dol-I is composed of dolomite (Dol-Ia) and ankerite (Dol-Ib), with significant differences in FeO content (0.31%–0.68% and 14.17%–14.66%). The FeO contents of Dol-II and Dol-III (0.63%–1.48% and 1.57%–3.89%) are similar, and both belong to iron-bearing dolomite. The average δ13CV-PDB values of Dol-III and Cal-IV are 3.05‰ and 2.48‰ respectively, which are similar to the carbon isotope composition of marine carbonates, indicating that the carbon in the fluid may be derived from the limestone in the basement of the mining area. The average δ18OSMOW values of the two are 15.72‰ and 15.68‰, showing a negative shift, which may be due to the extraction of the volcanic rocks of the Dahalajunshan Formation hosting the ore by circulating meteoric water. In stage II, the crustiform ore formed parallel quartz micro-bands containing gold-bearing sulfides, comb quartz, colloform “spherical” quartz, and Dol-I from the vein wall to the center, indicating that it is a product of alkaline conditions after the ore-forming fluid experienced multiple episodes of fluid boiling, loss of acidic gases, and massive sulfide precipitation. In stage III, Dol-II developed as bladed crystals in smoky gray cryptocrystalline quartz, indicating that it is a product of direct precipitation from a non-equilibrium supersaturated hydrothermal system during the initial boiling of the fluid. In stage IV, Dol-III occurs as euhedral coarse-grained dolomite veins cutting through early-stage veins, formed by slow crystallization under stable shallow-surface mineralization conditions. In stage V, Cal-IV occurs as euhedral coarse-grained crystals distributed at the edges of the mineralization system, formed by the combination of CO32− and Ca2+ generated by the dissociation of HCO3− due to the loss of CO2 and H2S from the hydrothermal fluid under decreasing temperature and pressure conditions. Based on the comprehensive analysis of the textures, major elements, and isotopic geochemistry of carbonate minerals, this study concludes that fluid boiling is a key mechanism for the enrichment and precipitation of ore-forming materials in stages II and III of the Axi gold deposit.
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图 1 吐拉苏盆地区域地质图（a）和地层柱状图（b）（据Zhao et al.，2014；Li et al.，2023b修改）
Figure 1.
图 2 阿希金矿床地质简图（a）和A-A'勘探线剖面图（b）（董连慧等，2005；Zhai et al.，2009）
Figure 2.
表 1 阿希金矿床碳酸盐矿物电子探针分析结果（%）
Table 1. The Electron Probe Micro-Analysis （EPMA） results of carbonate minerals from the Axi gold deposit （%）
样号 样品类型 Na2O MgO MnO CaO FeO SrO K2O P2O5 SiO2 Al2O3 BaO CO2 Total 17AX-28-2B-1 Dol-Ia 0.03 20.68 0.03 31.03 0.68 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 47.43 99.98 17AX-28-2B-2 0.00 20.08 0.00 29.71 0.45 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.03 0.00 48.01 98.31 17AX-28-2B-3 0.00 20.57 0.06 30.71 0.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 47.70 99.36 17AX-28-2B-4 0.06 21.16 0.08 29.52 0.37 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 47.87 99.11 17AX-28-2B-5 Dol-Ib 0.00 9.78 1.98 28.88 14.58 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 44.22 99.45 17AX-28-2B-6 0.02 9.55 1.94 28.96 14.58 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.01 0.04 44.20 99.39 17AX-28-2B-7 0.03 9.76 2.51 28.31 14.17 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 44.31 99.11 17AX-28-2B-8 0.04 9.04 2.78 28.61 14.66 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 44.08 99.24 14AX-13T-1-1 Dol-II 0.00 20.03 0.42 29.47 1.29 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.03 47.64 98.92 14AX-13T-1-2 0.00 19.71 0.44 30.58 1.25 0.02 0.04 0.00 0.06 0.03 0.00 47.39 99.51 14AX-13T-1-3 0.02 20.69 0.24 29.85 0.63 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.03 0.00 47.73 99.26 14AX-13T-1-4 0.00 20.03 0.54 29.79 0.77 0.03 0.00 0.01 0.06 0.01 0.03 47.68 98.96 14AX-13T-1-5 0.00 20.04 0.58 29.15 1.42 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.02 0.00 47.64 98.92 14AX-13T-1-6 0.00 20.28 0.87 29.09 1.48 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 47.50 99.23 14AX-13T-1-7 0.00 20.24 0.43 30.27 1.30 0.03 0.02 0.05 0.02 0.02 0.00 47.39 99.75 14AX-13T-1-8 0.01 20.12 0.57 29.29 1.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 47.62 98.96 14AX-13T-2-1 Dol-III 0.04 19.44 0.26 30.95 1.98 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 47.16 99.84 14AX-13T-2-2 0.00 18.71 0.76 29.43 2.73 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.09 47.20 98.99 14AX-13T-2-3 0.00 19.04 0.47 30.72 1.61 0.00 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.00 0.00 47.33 99.23 14AX-13T-2-4 0.01 18.12 1.04 29.96 3.89 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.00 46.70 99.75 14AX-13T-2-5 0.00 18.45 1.11 29.74 3.02 0.08 0.01 0.00 0.05 0.04 0.01 46.94 99.45 14AX-13T-2-6 0.00 19.63 0.72 29.62 2.07 0.00 0.01 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 47.30 99.44 14AX-13T-2-7 0.01 19.31 0.80 29.45 2.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.07 47.24 99.23 14AX-13T-2-8 0.00 19.54 0.71 29.31 1.57 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.02 0.02 47.57 98.78 16AX-58J-1-1 Cal-IV 0.00 0.24 1.16 53.47 0.83 0.05 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 43.91 99.69 16AX-58J-1-2 0.01 0.31 1.21 53.47 0.91 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.00 0.04 43.87 99.87 16AX-58J-1-3 0.00 0.14 0.61 53.49 0.61 0.01 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.10 44.12 99.14 16AX-58J-1-4 0.00 0.17 0.79 53.65 0.70 0.07 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.02 44.01 99.45 16AX-58J-1-5 0.00 0.35 0.22 52.04 1.34 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 44.36 98.43 16AX-58J-1-6 0.00 0.25 0.24 53.17 0.99 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 44.21 98.94 16AX-58J-1-7 0.00 0.19 0.27 53.13 0.98 0.12 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.00 44.19 98.95 16AX-58J-1-8 0.03 0.21 0.44 53.87 0.89 0.10 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.02 0.00 44.00 99.60 
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表 2 阿希、塔吾尔别克、塔北和京希–伊尔曼德矿床碳酸盐矿物的C、O同位素组成（‰）
Table 2. The carbon and oxygen isotope compositions of carbonate minerals in the Axi, Tawuerbieke, Tabei and Jingxi-Yelmend deposits （‰）
矿床 样品号 样品类型 δ13CV-PDB δ18OV-PDB δ18OSMOW 数据来源 阿希金矿 16AX-34 阶段IV脉状白云石 2.54 −15.61 14.82 本研究 17AX-57 3.56 −13.86 16.62 16AX-58 阶段V脉状方解石 1.77 −18.26 12.09 本研究 16AX-6 3.18 −11.29 19.27 塔吾尔别克金矿 ABYD-11 方解石 −2.90 −23.90 6.20 Peng et al.，2017 ABYD-12 方解石 −0.90 −17.10 13.30 ABYD-16 方解石 −2.80 −21.70 8.60 TWE IV-6 方解石 −0.30 −17.10 13.30 TWE I-2 方解石 −1.30 −20.10 10.10 塔北铅锌矿 TB-18 方解石 0.50 −22.50 7.80 Peng et al.，2018，2022 TB-22 方解石 1.30 −22.00 8.30 TB-35 方解石 1.50 −20.90 9.40 TB-40 方解石 1.10 −21.40 8.80 TB-50 方解石 1.00 −21.80 8.50 15TB-4 方解石 1.00 −23.70 6.50 15TB-6 方解石 1.00 −23.50 6.70 21TB-1 方解石 1.50 −24.50 5.60 21TB-1 方解石 1.50 −24.70 5.40 21TB-4-2 方解石 0.90 −24.50 5.60 京希-伊尔曼德金矿 JXQ12 方解石 −2.76 −12.24 18.24 朱亿广等，2011 JXQ14 方解石 2.14 −17.29 13.04 GM09 方解石 4.32 −16.70 13.64 GM21 方解石 6.26 −16.70 13.64 9-May-08 方解石 1.20 −10.15 20.40 9-May-10 方解石 2.72 −23.82 6.30
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