Analysis of Metallogenic Differences in Magmatic Ni-Co Deposits in the East Kunlun Orogenic Belt, Qinghai Province: A Case Study of the Xiarihamu and Shitoukengde Deposits
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摘要:
镍钴属于国民经济、科技发展等方面不可或缺的关键矿产。随着新能源汽车的快速发展，中国对镍钴资源的需求持续飙升，超过92%的镍原材料和98%的钴原材料依赖进口，给关键矿产资源供应带来重大安全隐患。因此，立足国内，加强镍钴矿成矿规律认识、寻找新的资源接续区已迫在眉睫。中国镍钴资源的有限来源与世界存在显著不同，93%的镍资源和45%的钴资源来自岩浆镍钴硫化物矿床。可见，岩浆镍钴矿床是中国找矿勘查实现增储的最重要矿床类型。青海省东昆仑造山带发育大量镁铁–超镁铁质岩体，拥有较好成矿地质条件和资源潜力，展示了巨大的找矿前景。但同属同一成矿背景及相似成矿特征的夏日哈木和石头坑德矿床，在矿石质量、矿体规模等方面存在截然不同，一个超大型且品位较高（118万tNi@0.68%），另一个大型且品位较低（12万tNi@0.44%）。这极大地制约了镍钴资源的找矿勘查和新突破。笔者立足两个矿床的成矿特征、控矿条件、成矿过程、找矿潜力的系统梳理，发现同化混染作用是导致硫化物熔离进而形成镍钴矿床的关键方式。同化混染程度不同及围岩条件S含量的差异，是造成两个矿床成矿显著差异的直接原因。进一步指出，围岩条件是古老片麻岩的镁铁–超镁铁质侵入岩是实现镍钴找矿新发现的关键方向和空间。可支撑服务找矿工作，提升镍钴矿资源保障能力。
Abstract:Nickel and cobalt are essential minerals for the national economy, and technological development. With the rapid development of new energy vehicles, China's demand for nickel and cobalt resources has surged, with over 92% of nickel raw materials and 98% of cobalt raw materials relying on imports. This dependency poses significant security risks to the supply of mineral resources, directly threatening national security. Therefore, it is urgent to enhance the understanding of the metallogenic regularity of nickel and cobalt deposits domestically and to find new resource continuation areas. China's limited sources of nickel and cobalt differ significantly from the rest of the world, with 93% of nickel resources and 45% of cobalt resources coming from magmatic nickel-cobalt sulfide deposits. Thus, magmatic nickel-cobalt deposits are the most important type of deposits for achieving resource exploration and reserve increase in China. The East Kunlun orogenic belt in Qinghai Province hosts numerous mafic-ultramafic intrusions, offering favorable metallogenic geological conditions and resource potential, indicating great prospects for exploration. However, despite sharing the same metallogenic background and similar metallogenic characteristics, the Xiarihamu and Shitoukengde deposits exhibit significant differences in ore quality and orebody scale. One is a super-large deposit with high grade (
1180 thousand tons Ni@0.68%), while the other is a large deposit with lower grade (120 thousand tons Ni@0.44%). This disparity greatly restricts the exploration and new breakthroughs in nickel and cobalt resources. This paper systematically reviews the metallogenic characteristics, ore-controlling conditions, metallogenic processes, and exploration potential of the two deposits, revealing that assimilation is the key process leading to sulfide segregation and the formation of nickel-cobalt deposits. The differences in the degree of assimilation and the sulfur content of the surrounding rocks are the direct causes of the significant metallogenic differences between the two deposits. Furthermore, it is pointed out that the mafic-ultramafic intrusions in the ancient gneiss surrounding rocks are the key direction and space for achieving new discoveries in nickel-cobalt exploration. This can support and serve the new round of strategic actions for exploration breakthroughs, enhancing the capability to secure nickel and cobalt resources. -
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图 1 青海省东昆仑岩浆镍钴硫化物矿床地质分布略图（据Zhang et al., 2019修改）
Figure 1.
图 2 东昆仑夏日哈木岩浆镍钴硫化物矿床平面图（a）及剖面图（b）（张照伟等，2021a）
Figure 2.
图 4 东昆仑石头坑德岩浆镍钴硫化物矿床平面图（a）及剖面图（b）（Zhang et al., 2018）
Figure 4.
图 6 单斜辉石SiO2-Na2O-TiO2关系图（张照伟等，2021b）
Figure 6.
图 7 夏日哈木和石头坑徳Ni/Cu-Pd/Ir图解（Zhang et al., 2018）
Figure 7.
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