Sources of Ore-forming Materials and Ore-forming Model of the Jiudian Gold Deposit in Pingdu, Shandong Province
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摘要:
山东平度旧店金矿床地处胶东金成矿省西北部、招平断裂带南段，是该地区石英脉型金矿床的典型代表。虽然该矿床开采历史悠久，但由于规模较小，矿床成因研究较为薄弱，制约了对区域成矿规律的认识。本次研究在详细的野外地质调查基础之上，开展了含矿石英脉中石英氢氧同位素和黄铁矿硫同位素分析，以期揭示成矿流体和金属来源，厘定矿床成矿模式。研究表明，旧店金矿床成矿过程可分为早成矿阶段（I）、主成矿阶段（II）和晚成矿阶段（III）3个阶段，其中主成矿阶段是金矿化主要发育阶段，包括中粗粒黄铁矿阶段（II1）、细粒–微细粒黄铁矿阶段（II2）和多金属硫化物阶段（II3）3个亚阶段。不同成矿阶段的石英氢氧同位素特征显示，早成矿阶段成矿流体δ18OH2O值为2.22‰～4.64‰，δDV-SMOW值为−90.2‰～−72.2‰，主成矿阶段成矿流体δ18OH2O值为1.17‰～4.36‰，δDV-SMOW值为−84.3‰～−77.1‰，晚成矿阶段成矿流体δ18OH2O值为−0.01‰～4.28‰，δDV-SMOW值为−97.7‰～−87.1‰。旧店金矿床早阶段成矿流体以岩浆水为主，随着流体演化，大气降水逐步混入且所占比例不断增加。不同成矿阶段的黄铁矿硫同位素无明显差异，δ34S值大多为7.65‰～10.10‰（平均值为8.87‰），这一范围与前寒武纪变质基底和中生代花岗岩特征十分类似。综合前人研究成果，建立了旧店金矿成矿模式：晚侏罗世，旧店地区大量含金的古老变质岩基底发生重熔，形成玲珑型花岗岩；在早白垩晚期受华北克拉通东部岩石圈大规模伸展–减薄和软流圈上涌影响，花岗岩和变质岩残留体中的金发生活化富集，并在岩浆水和大气降水组成的混合流体作用下，在招平断裂带下盘次级断裂构造中富集成矿。
Abstract:The Jiudian gold deposit in Pingdu, Shandong Province, is located in the northwestern part of the Jiaodong gold metallogenic province and the southern segment of the Zhaoping Fault Zone. It serves as a typical representative of quartz-vein type gold deposits in this region. Despite its long mining history, genetic studies of this relatively small-scale deposit have remained inadequate, constraining the understanding of regional metallogenic regularity. Based on detailed field geological investigations, this study conducted hydrogen-oxygen isotopic analyses of quartz from ore-bearing veins and sulfur isotopic analyses of pyrite from ores, aiming to elucidate ore-forming fluid and metal sources and establish a metallogenic model for the deposit. Research indicates that the mineralization process of the Jiudian gold deposit can be divided into three stages: early mineralization stage (I), main mineralization stage (II), and late mineralization stage (III). The main mineralization stage represents the primary period of gold mineralization, further subdivided into three sub-stages: medium-coarse grained pyrite stage (II1), fine-micron fine grained pyrite stage (II2), and polymetallic sulfide stage (II3). Isotopic characteristics of quartz from different mineralization stages show: δ18OH2O=2.22‰～4.64‰ and δDV-SMOW=−90.2‰～−72.2‰ for the early stage; δ18OH2O=1.17‰～4.36‰ and δDV-SMOW=−84.3‰～−77.1‰ for the main stage; δ18OH2O=−0.01‰～4.28‰ and δDV-SMOW=−97.7‰～−87.1‰ for the late stage. The early-stage ore-forming fluids were predominantly magmatic water, with progressive mixing and increasing proportion of meteoric water during fluid evolution. Sulfur isotopic compositions of pyrite from different mineralization stages show no significant variation, with δ34S values ranging from 7.65‰ to 10.10‰ (average 8.87‰), closely resembling the characteristics of Precambrian metamorphic basements and Mesozoic granites. Integrating previous research findings, a metallogenic model for the Jiudian gold deposit is proposed: During the Late Jurassic, remelting of gold-bearing ancient metamorphic basement rocks in the Jiudian area formed Linglong-type granites. In the Late Early Cretaceous, under the influence of large-scale lithospheric extension-thinning in the eastern North China Craton and asthenosphere upwelling, gold from granites and metamorphic rock relics underwent mobilization and enrichment. Driven by mixed fluids composed of magmatic water and meteoric water, gold precipitation occurred in secondary fracture structures within the footwall of the Zhaoping Fault Zone, forming the ore deposit.
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Key words:
- H-O-S Isotopes /
- source of ore-forming materials /
- ore-forming model /
- Jiudian gold deposit /
- Jiaodong
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表 1 旧店金矿及其他金矿成矿流体H-O同位素组成
Table 1. H-O isotope compositions of the ore-forming fluids in the Jiudian gold deposit and other gold deposits
金矿床 样品数 样号 测试矿物 δDV-SMOW （‰） δ18O V-SMOW （‰） 温度（℃） δ18OH2O（‰） 数据来源 旧店 13 I阶段-JD4-0301 石英 −90.2 12.77 270.0 4.64 本文 I阶段-JD4-0501 −72.6 10.33 270.0 2.22 I阶段-JD4-0801 −72.2 11.18 270.0 3.07 II阶段-JD4-0802 −81.9 12.39 270.0 4.27 II阶段-JD12-0706 −80.5 12.21 270.0 4.09 II阶段-JD12- 1601 −80.9 12.48 270.0 4.36 II阶段-JD4-0302 −84.3 10.52 270.0 2.41 II阶段-JD12-0809 −77.1 12.31 270.0 4.19 II阶段-JD12-1408 −78.9 9.27 270.0 1.17 II阶段-JD12-1602 −80.4 12.16 270.0 4.04 III阶段-JD4-0806 −97.7 12.4 270.0 4.28 III阶段-JD4-1402 −87.1 8.08 270.0 −0.01 III阶段-JD12-0704 −91.1 12.39 270.0 4.27 旧店 6 JD-TW1等 石英 −83.4～−74.2 10.7～12.8 300.0 3.81～5.91 Tian et al.，2022 旧店 7 17S32等 石英 −92～−74.2 9.1～13.4 265.2 0.84～5.14 安梦莹，2022 夏甸 9 XD-wd-1等 石英 −73.22～−46.22 10.4～12.4 240.0 −1.6～2.89 李逸凡等，2021 夏甸 3 XD-3等 石英 −99.8～−95.1 8.6～9.3 253.0 −0.2～0.5 杜佛光，2019 夏甸 3 713-41等 石英 −72.1～−66.2 13～14.9 172.0～363.7 4.6～9.2 吴迪，2016 大尹格庄 11 DYGZ-4-2等 石英 −103～−77.3 8.7～12.2 173.8～353.8 2.75～7.18 严子清等，2024 大尹格庄 11 Y309Cc3等 石英 −95～−68 7.3～12.7 280.0～350.0 −0.3～7.8 Yang et al.，2010 山后 5 SH-CM4-TW2等 石英 −90.7～−77 10.2～11.1 230.0 0.55～1.25 王巧云等，2023 山后 4 WH2-1等 石英 −82.1～−78.6 7.5～11.2 215.0 −3.28～0.42 安梦莹，2022 姜家窑 2 K3等 石英 −66.5～−61.78 7.9～8.5 311.0～344.0 1.57～2.1 王金辉，2020 曹家洼 3 K12等 石英 −74.16～−61.55 10.4～10.8 299.0～333.0 3.89～5.33 王金辉，2020 谢家沟 15 XJG19等 石英 −106～−85 7.7～11.3 209.0～351.0 0.8～5.7 Du et al.，2023 三山岛 2 S615-1等 石英 −83.1～−79.1 13.55～13.67 257.0～335.0 7.49～7.61 王金雅，2020 焦家 5 J450-1等 石英 −95.8～−68.3 10.4～14.58 200.0～400.0 3.94～8.38 辛洪波，2005 新立 9 XJG19等 石英 −77.63～−68.77 11.4～14.17 165.0～310.0 −0.17～7.02 毛兴强，2022 
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表 2 旧店金矿床及其他地质单元S同位素特征
Table 2. Sulfur isotope characteristics of the Jiudian gold deposit and other geological units
金矿/地质单元 样品数 样号 矿物/对象 δ34S值（‰） 数据来源 旧店金矿 13 I阶段-JD4-0301 黄铁矿 8.46 本文 I阶段-JD4-0501 8.67 I阶段-JD4-0801 8.46 II阶段-JD4-0802 10.1 II阶段-JD12-0706 9.51 II阶段-JD12-1601 7.65 II阶段-JD4-0302-1 9.23 II阶段-JD4-0302-2 9.15 II阶段-JD12-0809 8.29 II阶段-JD12-1408-1 9.75 II阶段-JD12-1408-2 9.63 II阶段-JD12-1602 8.72 III阶段-JD4-0806 7.81 III阶段-JD4-1402 8.56 III阶段-JD12-0704 9.03 玲珑金矿 5 JQ-Q-04等 黄铁矿 5.9～7.4 Wen et al.，2015 东风金矿 5 10LL18等 黄铁矿 5.8～7.0 Wen et al.，2015 大尹格庄金矿 10 DYGZ-4-2等 黄铁矿 3.1～7.6 严子清等，2024 夏甸金矿 7 713-1等 黄铁矿 6.95～8.1 Liu et al.，2018 夏甸金矿2 10 XD-wd-1等 黄铁矿 6.3～8.1 李逸凡等，2021 谢家沟金矿 42 XJG34-2-1-Py等 黄铁矿 5.7～9.0 Du et al.，2023 焦家金矿1 5 17JJ04-1等 黄铁矿 8.7～11.2 Qiu et al.，2023 焦家金矿2 8 \ 黄铁矿 8.6～11.3 陈阳阳，2017 三山岛金矿1 7 09S37等 黄铁矿 11.5～12.4 姜晓辉等, 2011 三山岛金矿2 20 17SSD-1-1等 黄铁矿 9.4～13.0 Qiu et al.，2023 新城金矿 33 XC12D001B1等 黄铁矿 5.7～10.6 张潮等，2014 新立金矿 6 XL48508-21等 黄铁矿 7.7～13.2 毛兴强等，2022 金青顶金矿 8 J-335-05等 黄铁矿 6.95～8.69 李旭芬，2011 大柳行金矿 6 DLH-1等 黄铁矿 6.3～7.7 黄鑫，2021 胶东群 3 XC10D218B1等 黄铁矿 6.9～9.4 张潮等，2014 荆山群 6 \ 黄铁矿 9.3～9.8 张竹如等，1999 玲珑花岗岩 8 LL-190-9等 黄铁矿 6.1～10.1 毛景文等，2005 郭家岭花岗闪长岩 5 \ 黄铁矿 2.4～9.7 宋明春等，2013 中基性岩脉 6 \ 黄铁矿 5.4～11.2 李俊建等，2006
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