Comparative Study on REE Occurrence Mode in Ion- adsorption Type REE Deposits from Changting, Fujian, and Northern Myanmar
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摘要:
以华南福建长汀和缅甸北部某地的花岗岩风化壳离子吸附型稀土矿床为研究对象，对比研究两个地区离子吸附型稀土矿床中的全风化层地球化学特征和REE赋存状态变化。两地风化壳基岩均为黑云母二长花岗岩，对成矿有利的（含）稀土副矿物是榍石、褐帘石、磷灰石、独居石和氟碳铈矿等矿物，易于形成离子吸附型轻稀土矿床。经对比后发现，两地稀土矿床由于其地理位置、海拔高度、构造背景、风化程度等各方面都存在明显的不同，导致两地矿床属性存在较大的差异。长汀矿区的风化程度更高，CIA指数高达92.07%，这可能是造成长汀矿区存在更多粘土矿物的主要原因，也较缅北更容易发育与硬锰矿和高岭石等粘土矿物紧密嵌布的胶态稀土；虽然缅北矿区风化程度较低，但缅北iREE矿体的保存厚度却更大，这可能是其地貌条件更有利于iREE的保存——缅北地区地壳抬升和地表剥蚀也可能更接近于阈值，也可能其存在更合理的强弱侵蚀交替间隔。iLREE矿床浸出后形成的iREE尾矿总体来说是一种含REE较低，化学性质较稳定的黏土类物质，从综合利用的角度来看，应加强对低品位难浸iREE尾矿稀土回收工艺的开发与研究，实现离子型稀土矿资源的可持续利用是今后的一个重要方向。
Abstract:Taking the samples of granite weathering crust ion adsorption rare earth deposits in Changting area of Nanling, Fujian and a place in northern Myanmar as the research objects, the geochemical characteristics, mineral characteristics, composition and content changes of rare earth in iREE deposits in the two areas are compared. The bedrock of weathering crust in both places is biotite monzogranite. After comparative analysis, it is found that the iREE deposits in the two places are obviously different in geographical location, altitude, structural background, weathering degree and other aspects, resulting in great differences in deposit attributes between the two places. The weathering degree in Changting mining area is higher, and the CIA index is as high as 92.07%, which may be the main reason for more clay minerals in Changting mining area, it is also easier to develop colloidal rare earths closely embedded with clay minerals such as psilomelane and kaolinite than in northern Myanmar; Although the weathering degree of northern Myanmar mining area is low, the preservation thickness of iREE ore body in northern Myanmar is larger, which may be that its geomorphic conditions are more conducive to the preservation of iREE - crustal uplift and surface denudation in northern Myanmar may be closer to the threshold, or there may be a more reasonable alternating interval of strong and weak erosion; iREE tailings formed after leaching of iLREE deposit is generally a clay material with low REE and stable chemical properties. From the perspective of comprehensive utilization, it is an important direction in the future to strengthen the development and research on the rare earth recovery process of low-grade refractory iREE tailings and realize the sustainable utilization of ionic rare earth resources.
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表 1 全风化层综合样常量元素和稀土元素分析结果单位：g/t
Table 1. Analysis results of major elements and rare earth elements in comprehensive samples of completely weathered layer
矿区 Na2O* Al2O3* CaO* K2O* MgO* FeO* MnO* SiO2* P2O5* 福建长汀 0.062 15.907 0.014 1.295 0.175 2.642 0.139 70.799 0.014 缅北 0.295 18.754 0.026 4.562 0.569 3.474 0.072 62.792 0.078 矿区 La2O3 CeO2 Pr6O11 Nd2O3 Sm2O3 Eu2O3 Gd2O3 Tb4O7 Dy2O3 福建长汀 249.500 75.900 66.450 265.500 52.950 7.085 34.400 5.045 26.050 缅北 198.500 62.200 51.800 206.00 41.100 5.545 27.650 3.965 20.700 矿区 Ho2O3 Er2O3 Tm2O3 Yb2O3 Lu2O3 Y2O3 福建长汀 4.665 15.550 2.310 15.100 2.200 145.000 缅北 4.020 12.350 1.845 12.050 1.790 118.500 注：常量元素为X荧光光谱定量分析结果，单位为%；稀土元素为化学分析结果。 
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表 2 长汀iREE中稀土独立矿物的稀土元素分布特征单位：%
Table 2. Distribution characteristics of rare earth elements of rare earth independent minerals in Changting iREE
矿物名称 化学成分式 理论∑REO/% 实测∑REO*/% LREE/% HREE/% 矿物含量/% 稀土离子
化合物独居石 Monazite-(Ce) (Ce,La,Nd,Th)[PO4] 轻稀土（铈组）氧化
物约占39～74；
重稀土（钇组）
氧化物占0～537.8～55.25 45～54.29 0～0.96 0.03 方铈石 Cerianite-（Ce） (Ce,Th)O2 100.00 86.43～86.75 86.43～86.75 0.00 0.005 磷钇矿 Xenotime-（Y） YPO4 61.40 50.96 21.37 29.59 极微量 胶态稀土 纳米级稀土矿物集合 暂无 16.93～45.94 15.20～44.72 1.22～1.73 0.02 实测∑REO*为能谱半定量测试结果。
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表 3 福建长汀稀土矿稀土元素分布特征
Table 3. Distribution characteristics of rare earth elements in Changting rare earth mine, Fujian
矿物名称 化学成分式 实测∑REO*% 矿物含量% 以类质同象存在其他矿物晶
格中或以纳米级稀土矿物颗
粒附着在碎屑矿物颗粒表面石英Quartz SiO2 0～0.03 54.04 钾长石k-feldspar KAlSi3O8 0.06～0.08 7.80 斜长石Plagioclase (Na,Ca)[Al2Si2O8] 0～0.01 0.04 黑云母Biotite K(Mg,Fe)3(Al,Fe)Si3O10(OH,F)2 0～0.18 5.46 锆石Zircon ZrSiO4 0～4.03 0.01 金红石（含铈金红石）Rutile TiO2 2.98～3.26 0.18 钛铁矿（含铈（钇）钛铁矿）
IlmeniteFeTiO3 0.02～2.81
（Y2O3：0～0.08）0.32 赤铁矿Hematite Fe2O3 0.49～0.71
（Y2O3：0～0.11）0.49 褐铁矿Goethite 针铁矿标准化学式为2Fe2O3·3H2O 0～0.57 1.28 硬锰矿Psilomelane 硬锰矿常与胶态稀土紧密嵌布，
导致能谱分析结果中含有较高的
REO(Ba,H2O)2Mn5O104.28～25.10
（Y2O3：0～6.54）0.18 实测∑REO*为能谱半定量测试结果。
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表 4 缅甸某地稀土矿稀土元素分布特征
Table 4. Distribution characteristics of rare earth elements in Myanmar rare earth mine
矿物名称 化学成分式 理论∑REO/% 实测∑REO*/% LREE/% HREE/% 矿物含量/% 稀土离子
化合物独居石 Monazite-(Ce) (Ce,La,Nd,Th)[PO4] 轻稀土（铈组）氧
化物约占39～74；
重稀土（钇组）
氧化物占0～545～72.98 45.00～72.98 0 0.02 富钕独居石
Monazite-(Nd、Ce)(Nd,Ce,Sm,Pr,La,Gd,Zr)PO4 同上 36.2～68.95 33.27～68.95 0～2.93 0.01 富钍独居石 Monazite-(Ce) (Ce,La,Nd,Th)[PO4] 同上 43.73 43.73 0 极微量 方铈石 Cerianite-（Ce） (Ce,Th)O2 100.00 84.50 84.50 0 极微量 磷钇矿 Xenotime-（Y） YPO4 61.40 51.60 19.40 32.20 极微量 胶态稀土 纳米级稀土矿物集合体 暂无 31.00～45.00 31.00～45.00 0 0.001 实测∑REO*为能谱半定量测试结果。
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表 5 缅北稀土矿稀土元素分布特征
Table 5. Distribution characteristics of rare earth elements in rare earth mines in northern Myanmar
矿物名称 化学成分式 实测∑REO*/% 矿物含量/% 以类质同象存在其他矿物晶
格中或以纳米级稀土矿物颗
粒附着在碎屑矿物颗粒表面石英Quartz SiO2 0.02～0.07 38.53 钾长石k-feldspar KAlSi3O8 0.05～0.08 25.05 斜长石Plagioclase (Na,Ca)[Al2Si2O8] 0～0.01 0.10 黑云母Biotite K(Mg,Fe)3(Al,Fe)Si3O10(OH,F)2 0～0.15 5.51 锆石Zircon
（含富铪锆石）ZrSiO4 0～5.64 0.11 金红石（含铈金红石）Rutile TiO2 0～3.50
（Y2O3：0～0.76）0.98 钛铁矿（含铈（钇）钛铁矿）
IlmeniteFeTiO3 1.32～5.78
（Y2O3：0.17～0.63）0.10 赤铁矿Hematite Fe2O3 0～0.71 2.00 褐铁矿Goethite 针铁矿标准化学式为2Fe2O3·3H2O 0～0.09 1.08 硬锰矿Psilomelane 1.01～3.71 0.02 三水铝石Gibbsite Al(OH)3 0～0.22 0.08 钍石Thorite ThSiO4 0.26 0.001 实测∑REO*为能谱半定量测试结果。
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表 6 风化壳离子吸附型稀土矿石稀土元素赋存状态划分[34]
Table 6. Classification of rare earth elements occurrence state of ion adsorption rare earth ore in weathered crust
赋存状态 相 态 主/次要 按物质组成划分 按回收提取难度 离子吸附态 离子吸附相 交换性吸附态 主要 黏土矿物 易于回收提取 专性吸附态 次要（个别矿床可为主要） 提取难度较大 风化残留的稀土矿物 胶体分散相 胶体吸附态 次要 稀土副矿物 回收提取困难 凝胶态 独立矿物相 表生矿物态 主要 稀土副矿物 提取难度较大 残留矿物态 主要 赋存在其他矿物中、
铁锰氧化物和有机质中晶格杂质相 类质同象态 次要 碎屑矿物 提取难度较大 内潜同晶态
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