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摘要:
随着金矿资源的开采，矿石组成日益复杂，金品位逐渐降低，难处理金矿增多。该类矿石中金常以微包体形式嵌入黄铁矿、黄铜矿等矿物中，难以通过传统选矿方法提高回收率。山东某金精矿因矿石品位下降、矿物组分复杂，选冶难度增加。研究采用化学多元素分析和矿物自动分析系统（AMICS），分析矿石的矿物组成、金赋存状态、粒度分布及矿物连生关系，以揭示难选原因并优化选矿工艺。结果表明，该矿金含量42.24 g/t，主要以碲化金银矿形式包裹在黄铁矿、黄铜矿中，且碲化金银矿难溶，与氰化物反应缓慢，导致浸出率低。脉石矿物如石英、伊利石、正长石与金矿物形成连生体，增加选矿难度。金矿物粒度微细，传统物理选矿难以有效回收。黄铁矿单体解离度较高，而黄铜矿和金矿物解离度较低，进一步限制金回收。金矿物复杂包裹与连生关系是该矿难选的主要原因，针对该矿石建议采用化学选矿提高金品位。
Abstract:With the continuous exploitation of gold resources, the composition of ores has become increasingly complex, and the gold grade has gradually decreased, leading to an increase in the number of refractory gold ores. In such ores, gold is often embedded in minerals like pyrite and chalcopyrite in the form of micro-encapsulated particles, making it difficult to improve recovery rates through traditional beneficiation methods. A certain gold concentrate from Shandong Province faces challenges due to declining ore grade and complex mineral composition, increasing the difficulty of beneficiation. The study used chemical multi-element analysis and Automated Mineralogy and Chemical Imaging System (AMICS) to analyze the ore's mineral composition, gold occurrence state, particle size distribution, and mineral associations to identify the reasons for poor recoverability and provide a basis for optimizing the beneficiation process. The results showed that the gold content of the ore was 42.24 g/t, with gold mainly occurring as telluride gold-silver minerals encapsulated in pyrite and chalcopyrite. The telluride minerals are insoluble and react slowly with cyanide, leading to a low leaching rate. Gangue minerals such as quartz, illite, and orthoclase form associations with gold minerals, complicating the beneficiation process. Gold minerals are fine-grained, and traditional physical beneficiation methods cannot effectively recover gold. Pyrite has a high degree of dissociation, while chalcopyrite and gold minerals have lower dissociation, further limiting gold recovery. The complex encapsulation and association of gold minerals with other minerals is the main reason for the poor recoverability of this ore. The study suggests that chemical beneficiation methods be adopted to improve gold grade for this ore.
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表 1 矿物组成及含量
Table 1. Mineral composition and relative content
矿物名称 含量/% 矿物名称 含量/% 矿物名称 含量/% 黄铁矿 48.57 福矿 0.01 金红石 0.02 黄铜矿 4.38 石墨 0.57 白钨矿 微量 石英 15.97 钙铝榴石 0.37 硫锑铜矿 微量 磁铁矿 1.06 卤化物 微量 闪锌矿 0.30 方铅矿 0.19 锶帘石 2.30 尖晶石 0.01 磷灰石 0.02 角闪石 0.02 钨铅矿 微量 毒砂 微量 伊利石 5.79 钛磁铁矿 微量 氯铜矿 0.01 钛铁矿 0.01 木屑石 微量 金银合金 0.02 砷铁铅锌石 微量 维索茨基石 微量 碲化金银矿 0.02 硅钠钡钛石 微量 蓝透闪石 0.06 铁白云石 0.07 铅辉石 0.05 磷钇矿 微量 黑云母 0.40 高岭石 0.03 喜峰矿 微量 斑铜矿 微量 钾长石 2.25 锆石 微量 冰洲石 0.45 拉长石 0.09 三斜铁辉石 0.02 天青石 微量 硼镁铁矿 0.02 磁黄铁矿 0.05 钠长石 2.47 菱镁矿 0.01 阳起石 0.18 绿泥石 1.80 铁白云石 0.12 顽火辉石 0.43 辰砂 微量 方柱石 0.02 碲铅银矿 微量 斜绿泥石 0.02 独居石 0.01 绿帘石 0.12 刚玉 0.01 正长石 7.25 层状硅酸盐 0.31 金刚石 0.96 铅铋银矿 微量 歪长石 0.23 白云石 0.02 斜长石 0.47 其他 1.92 变质石灰岩 0.12 菱铁矿 0.40 合计 100.00 
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表 2 矿石元素含量分析结果 单位：%
Table 2. Analysis results of element content in the raw ore
Ca Al Mn K P Fe Mg Ti Co Na Cu Ni As Zn Rb V* Sb* 0.82 2.89 0.03 1.70 0.01 29.01 0.25 0.03 0.01 0.36 0.32 0.01 0.01 0.11 0.01 10.49 10.81 Ba* Mo* Cd* Cr* S Pb Sr La* Ce* Nd* Au* Bi Te Ag* Mo* Cd 20.64 6.50 5.62 16.02 30.83 0.18 0.01 11.64 23.21 9.73 42.24 0.01 21.15* 38.27 6.54 56.18* 注：*单位为g/t。
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表 3 Au的物相分析结果
Table 3. Analysis results of Au phase
名称 金银矿中金 碲化金银矿中金 合计 金含量/（g/t） 20.92 21.32 42.24 占有率/% 49.53 50.47 100.00
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表 4 Au在矿物中的分布
Table 4. Distribution of Au in the samples
矿物名称 黄铁矿 黄铜矿 石英 正长石 其他 总计 矿物含量/% 48.57 4.38 15.97 7.25 23.83 100.00 金含量/% 8.11 4.85 1.22 4.84 23.22 42.24 分布率/% 19.21 11.49 2.89 11.45 54.96 100.00
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表 5 主要矿物单体解离度测定结果
Table 5. Determination of the dissociation degree of the main mineral monomers
解离度级别 黄铁矿 黄铜矿 AuAgTe AuAg 磁铁矿 菱铁矿 石英 0%<x≤10% 0.96 30.60 44.02 12.17 19.67 48.74 6.43 10%<x≤20% 1.61 7.96 5.69 39.73 9.64 15.62 5.89 20%<x≤30% 3.08 6.88 1.11 25.84 11.57 9.47 5.16 30%<x≤40% 5.97 5.18 3.99 3.16 12.23 5.57 5.39 40%<x≤50% 5.10 7.23 0.97 0.00 11.65 6.51 4.88 50%<x≤60% 3.52 5.75 1.23 6.97 3.45 4.39 7.14 60%<x≤70% 4.41 4.21 6.08 0.00 6.98 1.43 10.15 70%<x≤80% 6.00 3.19 0.00 0.00 6.62 1.80 10.18 80%<x≤90% 12.06 4.51 28.67 0.00 8.83 0.71 14.16 90%<x<100% 44.44 12.50 1.83 0.00 5.53 1.54 23.03 100% 12.84 11.99 6.43 12.13 3.85 4.20 7.59 平均解离度/% 77.47 37.34 60.27 17.97 46.51 19.39 70.69
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表 6 主要矿物连生定量关系 单位：%
Table 6. Quantitative relationship of intergrowth of main minerals
矿物名称 黄铁矿 石英 黄铜矿 伊利石 磁铁矿 冰洲石 正长石 金银矿 碲化金银矿 黄铁矿 0.00 3.00 3.49 2.16 0.43 0.20 6.53 0.00 0.01 石英 6.00 0.00 1.54 4.69 0.37 0.28 9.57 0.00 0.01 黄铜矿 14.02 3.09 0.00 1.78 0.20 0.24 5.59 0.01 0.01 伊利石 7.21 7.82 1.48 0.00 0.52 0.19 12.21 0.00 0.02 磁铁矿 14.40 6.22 1.70 5.28 0.00 0.88 4.40 0.00 0.00 冰洲石 6.41 4.63 1.93 1.87 0.85 0.00 5.19 0.00 0.24 正长石 10.72 7.85 2.28 6.01 0.21 0.26 0.00 0.00 0.02 金银矿 19.21 2.89 11.49 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.45 0.00 3.36 碲化金银矿 7.51 2.78 2.10 4.56 0.00 4.97 8.36 0.51 0.00
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表 7 金矿物包裹关系 单位：%
Table 7. Gold mineral encapsulation relationship
包裹关系 金银矿 碲化金银矿 单体 12.18 6.48 两相包裹 3.15 8.79 三相及以上包裹 84.67 84.73 合计 100.00 100.00
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