Environmental impact and clean utilization approach of middle-deep geothermal water development: A case study of Guanzhong area, Shaanxi Province
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摘要:
以陕西关中地区为例，基于典型中深层地热资源利用的区域环境调查资料，系统总结中深层地热水开发利用过程对水环境、土壤环境、生物环境、热环境以及大气环境的影响. 在典型案例基础上，重点关注中深层地热水回灌技术及地热尾水污染物处理技术在解决地热开发对环境污染中的作用，提出中深层地热水清洁利用的途径和政策建议，为今后地热资源可持续开发利用提供科学依据.
Abstract:Taking Guanzhong area of Shaanxi Province as an example, the influences of development and utilization of middle-deep geothermal water on water, soil, biological, thermal and atmospheric environment are systematically summarized according to the regional environmental survey data of typical middle-deep geothermal resources utilization. Based on typical cases, the paper focuses on the role of middle-deep geothermal water recharge technology and geothermal tailwater pollutant treatment technology in solving environmental pollution caused by geothermal development, and puts forward suggestions for ways and policy of clean utilization of middle-deep geothermal water, so as to provide scientific basis for the sustainable development and utilization of geothermal resources in the future.
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表 1 关中典型地区地热水排放尾水主要水质指标
Table 1. Main water quality indexes of discharged geothermal tailwater in Guanzhong area
地区 取样地点 pH TDS F- NO2- NO3- NH4+ COD 眉县西汤峪 汤峪河上游 7.25 81.3 0.28 0.05 1.28 ＜0.01 6.57 汤峪河上游 7.44 71.7 0.15 0.01 2.06 0.16 57.47 神农山庄 8.98 395 15.8 ＜0.003 ＜0.02 ＜0.01 14.71 神农山庄 9 387 17.9 - ＜0.02 0.03 12.68 汤峪河下游 8.01 96.4 0.58 - 1.87 ＜0.01 6.57 汤峪河下游 7.2 76.3 0.29 0.03 2.15 0.18 28.96 汤峪河下游混合样1 7.68 71.8 0.19 0.01 2.09 0.2 47.29 汤峪河下游混合样2 7.71 75.4 0.16 0.04 2.16 0.14 39.14 长安东大 特种渔场XR095 8.73 358.00 12.50 ＜0.003 ＜0.02 0.34 71.72 鸿禧山庄XR144 8.76 343.00 11.14 0.52 ＜0.02 0.10 35.07 北大渔场XR154 8.74 252.50 7.89 ＜0.003 ＜0.02 0.48 4.53 北大渔场XR155 8.65 261.00 7.64 ＜0.003 ＜0.02 0.42 4.53 国泰山庄XR161 8.11 371.00 13.02 ＜0.003 ＜0.02 ＜0.01 43.21 高冠峪河上游 7.63 71.30 0.13 ＜0.003 1.66 0.05 106.32 高冠峪河下游 7.13 101.90 0.28 ＜0.003 2.56 0.04 24.89 沣峪河上游 7.52 70.90 0.13 ＜0.003 1.48 0.01 59.50 沣峪河下游 6.84 70.50 0.18 ＜0.003 1.27 0.06 0.50 高冠峪、沣峪交汇处 7.71 94.20 0.20 ＜0.003 1.64 0.07 37.11 沣河下游 6.97 101.40 0.31 0.01 1.70 0.04 24.89 特种渔场 6.99 252.00 1.24 0.77 3.07 0.10 14.71 北大渔场 7.20 221.00 3.33 0.03 0.32 0.11 18.78 蓝田东汤峪 蓝田汤峪疗养院 8.85 455.50 11.74 ＜0.003 ＜0.02 ＜0.01 12.68 汤峪镇卫生院 8.27 214.00 0.33 0.01 8.24 ＜0.01 8.61 汤峪镇卫生院 6.89 256.00 0.28 ＜0.003 9.43 ＜0.01 23.87 蓝田汤峪堂子街 7.36 289.00 0.76 0.03 8.06 ＜0.01 21.84 汤峪河上游 7.28 104.20 0.14 0.01 2.93 0.21 22.86 汤峪河下游 7.24 115.40 0.40 ＜0.003 2.46 0.26 20.82 数据来源：陕西省地质环境监测总站及陕西省地质调查院（2009）. 水质成分含量单位：mg/L. 
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表 2 西安市长安区东大地热水主要水质指标
Table 2. Main water quality indexes of geothermal water in Dongda area, Chang'an District, Xi'an City
取样地点 性质 pH TDS F- NO2- NO3- NH4+ COD 长安东大特种渔场 地热水 8.73 358 12.50 ＜0.003 ＜0.02 0.34 71.72 长安东大鸿禧山庄 地热水 8.76 343 11.14 0.52 ＜0.02 0.10 35.07 数据来源：陕西省地质环境监测总站及陕西省地质调查院（2009）. 水质成分含量单位：mg/L.
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表 3 地热水养殖鱼肉样品中重金属元素含量
Table 3. Contents of heavy metal elements in fish samples cultured in geothermal water
取样地点 鱼种 F Cr Cu As Cd Pb 备注 合阳洽川处女泉 罗非鱼 10.81 0.48 2.41 0.08 0.01 0.05 对照点 宝鸡温水沟 罗非鱼 18.18 1.53 2.63 0.01 0.02 0.42 污染点 长安东大北大渔场 罗非鱼 10.54 0.21 2.35 0.01 0.13 0.71 污染点 长安东大特种渔场 罗非鱼 13.59 0.57 2.47 0.08 0.05 1.99 污染点 长安东大北大渔场 鯧鱼 10.31 0.16 2.34 0.00 0.08 0.34 污染点 合阳洽川处女泉 草鱼 8.33 1.16 2.66 0.01 0.02 0.64 对照点 合阳洽川处女泉 鲤鱼 4.32 0.30 2.92 0.00 0.02 0.13 对照点 鱼肉中元素限量标准 鱼类 ≤2.0 ≤2.0 ≤50 ≤0.5 ≤0.1 ≤0.5 国标 数据来源：陕西省地质环境监测总站及陕西省地质调查院（2009）. 国标据文献[15]. 含量单位：10－6.
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表 4 陕西关中地区深层热储部分回灌井回灌效果
Table 4. Effects of recharge wells for deep geothermal reservoir in Guanzhong area, Shaanxi Province
回灌点 实施时间 累计回灌量/（m3/h） 平均回灌量/（m3/h） 水位上升/m 回灌前水位/m 回灌后水位/m 西工院井组 2007—2013 18720 32.03 1.90 -136.1 -134.2 省宾馆废弃井 2012—2013 14590 24.94 1.70 -500.8 -498.3 西安春晓苑井 2010—2012 72000 25.56 4.00 -102.0 -98.0 西安雅荷井组 2010—2013 2005 3.00 不明显 -1.00 -1.00 三桥回灌井组 2013-02-04 14355 18.11 不明显 -62.97 -62.97 西安和兴园回灌井组 2018—2020 452160 78.5 灌采平衡 临潼渭水曲项井组 2018—2020 290880 50.5 灌采平衡 -21.00 -21.00 西安碧水湾井组 2019—2020 244800 42.5 灌采平衡 0.10 0.10 咸阳文热1井组 2012—2018 631424 102.00 灌采平衡 咸阳文热2井组 2014—2018 1379538 128.01 灌采平衡 -23.76 -23.76 咸阳日月星城井组 2015—2020 1170126 99.30 灌采平衡 -20.50 -20.50 咸阳文热七井组 2014—2020 1524690 115.60 灌采平衡 咸阳宝石佳苑井组 2016—2018 65596 71.09 灌采平衡 咸阳怡心岛井组 2016—2018 77772 51.45 灌采平衡 咸阳廉租房井组 2015—2018 98512 75 灌采平衡 咸阳职业学院井组 2018-02-03 42570 86.30 灌采平衡 武功县1号井组 2016—2018 39320 45.60 灌采平衡 -10.00 -10.00 周至林业局小区井组 2018—2020 376128 65.3 灌采平衡 眉县城区 2019—2020 193582 70-240 灌采平衡 +38.0 +38.0 据文献[18].
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