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摘要:
煤矸石是煤炭生产和加工过程中产生的固体废弃物，堆积量大。在国家双碳战略的背景下，实现煤矸石的综合利用日益受到重视。分析总结了我国煤矸石的资源量、组成与含铝组分的特点，对从煤矸石中提取氧化铝的工艺进展进行了归纳。主要包括酸法、碱法提取氧化铝的原理、工艺流程和工业化进程，指出了制约其工业化的关键问题，提出加快研究和完善环保高效的煤矸石提取氧化铝技术，以促进煤矸石的高值化利用。
Abstract:Coal gangue is a solid waste produced in the process of coal production and processing, with a large accumulation. Under the background of national dual-carbon strategy, the comprehensive utilization of coal gangue attracts worldwide attention. The characteristics of the resources, composition and aluminum-containing components of gangue in China were analyzed. Furthermore, the technological progress of extracting alumina from coal gangue was summarized including the principle, technological process, and industrialization process of acid and alkali extraction of alumina, and the key problems constraining its industrialization were pointed out. It was proposed to accelerate the research and improve the environmental protection and efficient alumina extraction technology from coal gangue to promote the high-value utilization of coal gangue.
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Key words:
- coal gangue /
- alumina /
- process flow /
- acid hydrolysis
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表 1 我国北方部分矿区煤矸石的主要化学成分
Table 1. Main chemical compositions and contents of coal gangue in some mining areas of north China
/% 产地 SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO TiO2 Na2O K2O 山西大同 42.28 39.37 0.33 0.58 0.15 0.09 0.36 0.94 山西阳泉 44.78 39.05 0.45 0.66 0.44 0.05 0.10 0.15 山西平朔 41.30 35.98 0.28 0.12 0.21 0.65 0.07 0.07 山西官地 57.19 33.53 3.72 1.55 0.53 0.81 0.81 1.18 山西蒲城 45.20 38.12 0.18 0.12 0.10 0.04 0.22 0.15 内蒙古大青川 46.35 37.62 0.53 0.33 0.09 0.98 0.03 0.08 内蒙古海勃湾 50.72 44.17 1.88 0.71 0.51 / / / 陕西铜川 44.75 37.43 0.99 0.07 0.15 1.43 0.88 0.56 安徽淮北 45.67 37.75 0.28 0.62 0.48 0.29 0.88 0.19 江苏徐州 45.73 38.69 0.47 0.09 0.16 0.45 0.14 0.16 
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表 2 煤矸石提取氧化铝酸法工艺的比较
Table 2. Comparison of alumina acid extraction process from coal gangue
工艺方法 优点 缺点 硫酸法 耗能低，氧化铝浸取率高，硫酸易得且成本低 对设备防腐性要求高，酸浸时间长，氧化铝提取率不高 盐酸法 酸可循环利用，工艺流程短，产品多元化 对设备防腐性要求高，成本高，酸浸过程会产生有毒气体氯气 硫酸铵法 可循环使用硫酸铵，渣量小，工艺流程短，烧结体系
温度低硫酸铵与煤矸石原料配比较高，氧化铝提取率不高
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表 3 煤矸石提取氧化铝碱法工艺的比较
Table 3. Comparison of alkali processes for extracting alumina from coal gangue
工艺方法 优点 缺点 石灰石
烧结法成本低，原料烧结后
不需研磨产生大量硅酸钙废渣，
能耗大碱石灰
烧结法对比石灰石烧结法，
残渣量小能耗大，废渣含碱无法
直接利用亚熔盐法 氧化铝回收率高，
操作简单耗能大，成本高，工业化
难度大
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