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摘要:
氧化铅锌矿是我国重要的矿产资源，由于其具有矿物成分复杂、含泥量大、嵌布粒度细等特点，导致分选困难。在介绍氧化铅锌矿表面特性的基础上，阐述了脂肪酸类捕收剂、螯合类捕收剂、两性捕收剂等直接浮选氧化铅锌矿的作用机理及应用，以及硫化—黄药、硫化—胺盐、硫化—黄药—胺盐等硫化浮选氧化铅锌矿的作用机理及应用。最后，指出加强捕收剂作用机理研究，探索捕收剂改性、复配技术，开发高选择性的新型及组合捕收剂是氧化铅锌矿浮选的研究重点。
Abstract:Lead−zinc oxide ore is an important mineral resource in China, and its separation is difficult. Because of its complex mineral composition, large mud content, and fine dissemination size. Base on summarizing the surface characteristics of lead−zinc oxide ore, the mechanism and application of direct flotation of lead−zinc oxide ore such as fatty acid collector, chelating collector and amphoteric collector were summarized, as well as the mechanism and application of sulfide flotation of lead−zinc oxide ore such as sulfide−xanthate, sulfide−amine salt and sulfide−xanthate−amine salt. Finally, it was pointed out that strengthening the research on the mechanism of collectors, exploring the modification and compounding technology of collectors, and developing novel and combined collectors with high selectivity are the research focus of flotation of lead−zinc oxide ore.
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Key words:
- lead−zinc oxide ore /
- flotation /
- collector /
- flotation mechanism
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表 1 主要氧化铅锌矿的结构及表面特性
Table 1. Structure and surface characteristics of main lead−zinc oxide ores
分类 氧化铅矿 氧化锌矿 白铅矿(PbCO3) 铅矾（PbSO4） 菱锌矿（ZnCO3） 异极矿(Zn4[Si2O7](OH)2H2O) 晶体结构 主要为斜方晶系，每个晶胞
中含有4个Pb原子、4个C原子和12个O原子白色单斜或斜方晶系结晶。每个晶胞由4个Pb原子，1个S原子和4个O原子构成 集合体以块状、葡萄状、
粒状等形式存在，单晶体呈
菱面体。每个晶胞由8个
Zn原子，8个C原子和24个
O原子组成以微晶集合体存在，呈板粒状；而单晶体一般呈板状晶型。每个晶胞有着30个O原子，6个Si原子，12个Zn原子和12个H
原子
接触角 51.85° 45° 47 ° 38°~40° 零电点 7.59 7.6[10] 7.4[11] 5.39[12] 伴生脉石 白云石、方解石、石英、辉石等 
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表 2 主要氧化铅锌矿捕收剂结构特征、浮选特性及优缺点
Table 2. Structural characteristics, flotation characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of main collectors for lead−zinc oxide ore
工艺 捕收剂种类 代表性捕收剂 作用机理 优缺点 直接
浮选脂肪酸类 油酸(钠)
CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7COOH(Na)
柠檬酸
HOOCCH2COH(COOH)CH2COOH与矿物表面的Zn2+、Pb2+反应生成
金属皂优点：捕收能力强
缺点：对温度敏感螯合类 羟肟酸类R−C(=NOH)−OH
CF捕收剂R−NOH−NOH与Zn2+、Pb2+螯合生成难溶疏水性
螯合物优点：吸附稳定
缺点：价格高两性捕收剂 氨基羧酸型NH2RCOOH[13]
氨基硫酸型NH2RSO3[13]
氨基磷酸型NH2RH2PO3[13]
氨基磺酸型NH2ROSO3[13]静电吸附
化学吸附优点：抗低温，溶解性好
缺点：用量大，成本高硫化
浮选黄药类（硫
化—黄药法）黄药ROCSSNa(K)
黑药(RO)2PSSH
乙硫氮(CH3CH2)2NCSSNa在硫化膜表面，双黄药物理吸附；黄药化学吸附，与硫化膜反应生成黄原酸盐 优点：成本低，原料来源广泛
缺点：易分解、选择性差胺类（硫
化—胺法）十二胺CH3(CH2)11NH2
十八胺CH3(CH2)16CH2NH2浓度低时发生静电吸附；浓度高时发生半胶束吸附；弱碱性环境形成离子、分子共吸附或形成络合物 优点：受水质和温度影响较小、浮选性能好，应用最为广泛。
缺点：气泡寿命长、选择性差
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表 3 硫化浮选和直接浮选的作用形式及优缺点
Table 3. Action forms, advantages and disadvantages of sulfide flotation and direct flotation
浮选类型 捕收剂 优点 缺点 作用形式 直接浮选 脂肪酸类捕收剂
螯合类捕收剂
两性捕收剂
胺类捕收剂流程简单、对环境污染小 对脉石的选择性差、药剂
用量大、捕收剂价格高、
无法浮选细粒级矿物(1)直接与矿物表面作用，生成螯合物或金属盐，实现疏水。(2)物理吸附在矿物表面，通过疏水基实现疏水 硫化浮选 胺类捕收剂
黄药类捕收剂捕收效果好、捕收剂常见且用量小、成本低、适用
范围广Na2S用量不好控制、
环境污染大、受泥沙等
微细粒影响硫化剂先与矿物表面生成硫化膜，后捕收剂吸附在硫化膜上，形成金属盐或物理吸附
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