Research Progress on the Utilization of Coal Gangue for Soil Remediation and as Soil Amendment Agents
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摘要:
煤矸石大量堆存不仅对周围环境造成污染，也是对资源本身的一种浪费。系统阐述了煤矸石在土壤化利用与土壤改良剂制备方面的研究现状，主要包括煤矸石直接覆土，煤矸石与土壤、有机质、菌类、固废等直接混配改良土壤，改性煤矸石制肥或制备多孔生态土壤，改性煤矸石与外源材料混配制育苗基质、肥料及人造土壤。我国在利用煤矸石进行土壤化利用与土壤改良剂方面已有一些进展，但还应注意对煤矸石重金属的控制，尽可能实现煤矸石的大规模消纳。最后指出了煤矸石在土壤化利用与土壤改良剂方面存在的问题，并提出了相应的建议，以期为相关研究提供参考。
Abstract:The massive accumulation of coal gangue not only pollutes the surrounding environment but also constitutes a waste of the resource itself. The pathways and current research status of coal gangue in soil utilization and as soil amendment agents are systematically reviewed, including direct land application of coal gangue, improvement of soil with mixtures of coal gangue, soil, organic matter, fungi, and solid waste, as well as the production of fertilizers or the preparation of porous ecological soil from modified coal gangue. Additionally, the use of modified coal gangue mixed with exogenous materials to cultivate seedling substrates, fertilizers, and artificial soils is discussed. There has been some progress in utilizing coal gangue for soil utilization and as soil amendment agents in China, but the control of heavy metals in coal gangue should also be paid attention to enable its large-scale consumption as much as possible. Finally, the paper identifies existing issues in the use of coal gangue for soil utilization and soil amendment agents, and provides corresponding suggestions to serve as a reference for related research.
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Key words:
- coal gangue /
- soil conditioner /
- soil utilization /
- comprehensive utilization
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表 1 煤矸石主要成分[15]
Table 1. Main components of coal gangue
/% 类型 SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO SO3 其他 烧失量 碳质
页岩46~62 17~23 0.2~20 0.5~7.5 0.6~1.3 0~5 0.5~3.0 20~45 泥质
页岩44~55 44~55 0.2~26 9~25 1~5 0.3~7.0 0.3~1.4 10~28 砂质
页岩45~52 6~15 0.2~21 14~21 2~6 2~4 0.3~1.0 6~20 
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表 2 煤矸石与土壤化学成分对比[15]
Table 2. Comparison of chemical composition of coal gangue and soil
/% 类别 有机质 总氮 总磷 总钾 总钙 总镁 总硫 总铁 煤矸石 15~25 0.19~
0.870.23~
0.470.86~
1.710.02~
0.430.004~
0.1250.021~
0.0390.014~
0.197土壤 2 0.1 0.08 1.36 1.37 0.6 0.085 3.8
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表 3 煤矸石与土壤矿物成分对比
Table 3. Comparison of mineral composition between coal gangue and soil
类别 黏土矿物 其他矿物 煤矸石 高岭石、伊利石、
蒙脱石、绿泥石等石英、长石、云母、
白云石、方解石、
氢氧化铝、二氧化硅胶体、
蛋白石等土壤 高岭石、伊利石、蒙脱石、绿泥石、埃洛石、蛭石等 石英、长石、云母、
白云石、方解石、
黄铁矿、铝土矿等
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表 4 煤矸石山常见问题及与黄土混配的改良效果
Table 4. Common issues of coal gangue dumps and the improvement effects of mixing with loess
问题类型 存在问题 改良效果 土壤酸碱性 裸露矸石山高盐强酸环境；
植被无法生存黄土的添加可使煤矸石山的酸碱性接近正常黄土水平 土壤水土侵蚀状况 裸露矸石山土壤侵蚀严重；
水土流失是植被建设的关键因素由于表层矸石风化失水后形成的干层颗粒较粗，与下层的毛细管联系较弱，下层大部分水分须通过扩散作用方可被蒸发，致使这个干层具有一定的保水性能 植物产量 大面积深色矸石易吸热升温灼伤幼苗；
难保证出苗率，降低植被产量提高了保水保肥性，能够为植被的生长提供充足的水分和养分，利于植被恢复
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表 5 煤矸石基多孔土壤基质的类型
Table 5. Types of porous soil matrix based on coal gangue
原料 最优配比 性能 煤矸石为主体，
水泥为黏结剂水泥掺入量5%、煤矸石粉掺入量95%时
各项性能最优保水量为86%，流失率为0.93%，保温性能良好，
并具有良好的肥效缓释性煤矸石为主体，多组分自胶凝粉体为黏结剂 多组分自胶凝粉体掺入量12%、
煤矸石粉按掺入量88%时各项性能最优保水量为80%，流失率为1.53%，保温性能良好 煤矸石为主体，工业淀粉为黏结剂 淀粉掺入量8%、煤矸石粉掺入量81.5%时
各项性能最优吸水率在40%左右，流失率小于1%，
孔隙率40%~50%，重金属含量低于国家标准
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