Progress of Non−ferrous Metal Sulfide Ores Flotation in Low Alkaline Medium
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摘要:
有色金属硫化矿中普遍共伴生硫化铁矿物，对其高效、清洁、低成本的选别分离一直是难点，高碱介质浮选分离是常规选矿工艺，但存在资源回收利用率低、环境污染大及生产成本高等不利影响。有色金属硫化矿的低碱介质浮选工艺日益成熟和完善，并表现出更好的适用性和先进性，已逐渐成为有色金属硫化矿选矿常规浮选工艺之一。基于此，分析了高碱介质浮选工艺存在的主要问题，概述了主要低碱浮选工艺，详细阐述了方铅矿、闪锌矿、黄铜矿及辉钼矿等有色金属硫化矿物与硫化铁矿物低碱介质浮选分离应用进展；然后指出：有色金属硫化矿低碱介质浮选的关键为选择使用硫化铁矿物的低碱抑制剂和有色金属硫化矿物的高选择性捕收剂，低碱条件可使有色金属硫化矿物保持天然可浮性和硫化铁矿物抑制后易于活化再选，使有用成分选矿回收更充分，其中高选择性捕收剂的使用，甚至可以不需对硫化铁矿物进行针对性的抑制或活化，即可实现有色金属硫化矿物与硫化铁矿物的浮选分离，以及实现从有色金属硫化矿浮选尾矿中采用高级黄药浮选回收硫化铁矿物。
Abstract:Iron sulfide minerals are widely associated with non−ferrous metal sulfide ores, and efficient, clean and low−cost separation has always been a challenge. High alkaline medium flotation separation is a conventional beneficiation process, but it has adverse effects such as low resource recovery, high environmental pollution and high cost. The low alkaline medium flotation of non−ferrous metal sulfide ore ore is been developed and improved, showing better applicability and superiority, which has gradually become one of the conventional flotation processes for non−ferrous metal sulfide ore. Based on this, the main problems in high alkaline medium flotation were analyzed, and the main processes of low alkaline flotation were summarized. The application progress of low alkaline medium flotation separation for non−ferrous metal sulfide minerals such as galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, and molybdenite was elaborated in detail. In summary, it is pointed out that the key to the low alkaline medium flotation of non−ferrous metal sulfide ores is to choose low alkaline depressants for iron sulfide minerals and high selective collectors for non−ferrous metal sulfide minerals. low alkaline conditions can maintain the natural floatability of non−ferrous metal sulfide minerals and make it easy to activate and reselect after inhibiting iron sulfide minerals, making the ore dressing recovery sufficient. The use of highly selective collectors can even achieve the flotation separation of non−ferrous metal sulfide minerals and iron sulfide minerals without the need for depressants and activators of iron sulfide minerals, and achieve the recovery of iron sulfide minerals from flotation tailings of non−ferrous metal sulfide ores using with xanthate.
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Key words:
- non−ferrous metal sulfide ore /
- iron sulfide minerals /
- galena /
- sphalerite /
- chalcopyrite /
- flotation /
- low alkaline
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表 1 主要碱性介质pH值调整剂及作用
Table 1. Main alkaline medium pH adjusting agents and their effects
类型 名称 水解产物 主要用途 强碱性介质调整剂 石灰 Ca2+、Mg2+、Ca(OH)+、OH− 调节pH值；黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿、镍黄铁矿、闪锌矿、
脆硫锑铅矿等的抑制剂；矿泥絮凝剂氢氧化钠 Na+、OH− 调节pH值；黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿、镍黄铁矿、
闪锌矿等的抑制剂；矿泥分散剂中碱性介质调整剂 碳酸钠 Na+、HCO3−、CO32− 调节pH值；矿泥分散剂；矿浆金属离子调整剂 碳酸氢钠 Na+、OH−、HCO3−、CO32− 调节pH值；矿泥分散剂；矿浆金属离子调整剂 
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表 2 硫化铁矿物的抑制剂种类及主要作用机理
Table 2. Types and main mechanisms of inhibitors for iron sulfide minerals
种类 亚类 主要抑制剂名称 主要作用机理 无机抑制剂 氰化物 氰化钠、氰化钾 CN−强烈抑制黄药在硫化铁矿物表面作用 硫化物 硫化钠、硫氢化钠 HS−、S2−吸附于硫化铁矿物表面使其亲水 硫氧化物 亚硫酸钠、亚硫酸 降低Eh，阻碍双黄药的生成 氧化剂类 次氯酸钙、臭氧 促使硫化铁矿物表面氧化，使其亲水受抑制 有机抑制剂 含巯基类抑制剂 巯基乙酸、巯基乙酸钠 −SH基吸附在硫化铁矿物表面，阻碍黄药吸附 腐殖酸钠 含有大量的极性基可降低黄药在黄铁矿表面的吸附性 木质素磺酸盐 −OH基亲水使黄铁矿受抑制 壳聚糖 通过胺基和羟基与黄铁矿表面发生反应，以化学吸附作用形成
复合物附着在其表面上，阻碍捕收剂作用刺槐豆胶 物理吸附在黄铁矿表面，阻止捕收剂在黄铁矿表面作用 微生物 氧化亚铁硫杆菌 细菌细胞对黄铁矿的亲合力强，选择性黏附在黄铁矿表面，
阻碍捕收剂作用氧化硫硫杆菌 吸附在黄铁矿表面，阻碍捕收剂作用 草分枝杆菌 草分枝杆菌与黄铁矿的结合能力很强，选择性黏附在
黄铁矿表面，阻碍捕收剂作用
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表 3 硫化矿捕收剂种类及主要性能
Table 3. Types and main properties of sulfide ore collectors
分子结构特征 类型 名称 组分 捕收性能特点 阴离子型捕收剂 巯基捕收剂 黄药 ROCSSMe 对Cu、Pb、Zn、Fe等金属硫化矿物的捕收能力强；
且烃链愈长，捕收能力愈强黑药 (RO)2PSSMe 对金属硫化矿物的捕收能力比黄药弱，对Cu、Pb、Zn等
金属硫化矿物选择性强，对黄铁矿的捕收能力较弱硫氮 R2NCSSMe 对Cu、Pb等金属硫化矿物的选择性比黄药强，对黄铁矿的
捕收能力较弱，低碱介质中选择性较强硫脲 (RNH)2CS 对Cu、Mo等金属硫化矿物有较好的选择性，
对黄铁矿的捕收能力较弱白药 (C6H5NH)2CS 对Cu、Pb、Zn等金属硫化矿物有较好的选择性，
对黄铁矿的捕收能力较弱非离子型捕收剂 酯类捕收剂 硫氨酯 ROCSNHR 对Cu、Zn、Mo等金属硫化矿物有较好的选择性，
对黄铁矿的捕收能力较弱黄原酸酯 ROCSSR 金属硫化矿物的高效捕收剂 硫氮酯 R2NCSSR 金属硫化矿物的高选择性捕收剂 双硫化物捕收剂 双黄药 (ROCSS)2 对金属硫化矿物的捕收能力强于黄药 双黑药 [(RO)2OSS]2 对金属硫化矿物的选择性高于黑药 非极性捕收剂 烃油 煤油、变压器油等 对Mo金属硫化矿物有较好的选择性，Pb、Zn等金属硫化矿物的辅助捕收剂
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