Speciation and Translocation Characteristics of Soil Heavy Metals in the Water Level Fluctuating Zone of Pengxi River in Three Gorges Reservoir Area
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摘要: 消落带是水域与陆地的过渡地带，对水环境有着至关重要的影响。本文以三峡库区消落带面积最大的澎溪河流域作为研究区域，采集消落带土壤及其沿岸土壤样品，分析重金属形态分布特征，并使用地质累积指数法和风险评价准则（RAC）对重金属污染程度及生态风险进行评价。研究表明，消落带土壤中Pb、Cu、Cr、Cd、Zn和Ni平均含量分别为68.70、36.96、55.10、0.68、108.26、31.68 mg/kg，污染程度依次为Cd > Pb > Zn > Cu > Ni > Cr，以Cd和Pb污染较为突出，普遍高于长江干流土壤，远高于重庆地区土壤。Cd的RAC值为20.62%，呈中等环境风险；其形态稳定性最差，以可还原态和酸提取态为主。Pb、Cu、Cr、Zn、Ni的RAC值为5.45%～10.0%，环境风险较低；且均以残渣态为主，占总量的54.69%～83.05%。以消落带沿岸土壤为对照，消落带形成后土壤中各重金属总量均有不同程度升高，且不同重金属在其增量部分的形态存在差异，Cr和Ni的增量部分以残渣态为主，Cd、Pb、Zn的增量以非残渣态为主。研究发现，由于受到水域与陆地污染源的双重影响，澎溪河流域重金属具有由沿岸向消落带沉积富集的趋势。Abstract: The water level fluctuating zone (WLFZ) is a transition belt between the water area and the terrestrial habitat that plays an indispensable role in the water environment. Pengxi River basin with the largest WLFZ area was chosen as the study area. The soils in the WLFZ and the coastal soil samples were collected to analyze the speciation characteristics of heavy metals. Besides, we have evaluated the pollution degree of such metal contaminants as well as the levels of the potential ecological risks with the methods of geo-accumulation index and the risk assessment code (RAC). The average contents of Pb, Cu, Cr, Cd, Zn and Ni in the soils of WLFZ were 68.70, 36.96, 55.10, 0.68, 108.26 and 31.68 mg/kg, respectively. The pollution degree is in the order of Cd > Pb > Zn > Cu > Ni > Cr, among which Cd and Pb pollution were prominent, generally higher than that in soils of mainstream of the Yangtze River and much higher than that in soils of Chongqing area. The RAC value of Cd was 20.62%, showed moderate pollution, and was mainly found in exchangeable and carbonates fraction. The RAC value of Pb, Cu, Cr, Zn and Ni were 5.45%-10.0%, showed low pollution, and were mainly found in residual fraction, accounting for 54.69%-83.05% in the total amount. Compared with the coastal soils, the content of heavy metals was increased in WLFZ soil, but the increased amount of each heavy metal was different. According to fractionation studies, residual fraction was the main part of the increased Cr and Ni. Nevertheless, the main part of the increased Cd, Pb and Zn were found in non-residual fractions. The results of our investigation indicated that under the effect of the terrestrial and aquatic pollution sources, the heavy metals contaminants in the Pengxi River basin were translocated from the coastal soil to the WLFZ, then deposited and enriched.
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表 1 澎溪河流域土壤中重金属的平均含量
Table 1. Average content of heavy metals in soils of Pengxi river
采样区域 项目 Pb Cu Cr Cd Zn Ni 消落带沿岸土壤 含量范围(mg/kg) 45.00~82.51 16.74~37.57 30.57~55.01 0.42~0.57 73.85~101.11 21.93~29.69 含量均值(mg/kg) 64.44 27.18 43.03 0.51 86.61 25.81 标准差(mg/kg) 13.20 7.84 9.60 0.05 8.64 2.24 变异系数 20.48 28.83 22.30 10.33 9.97 8.70 消落带 土壤 含量范围(mg/kg) 51.61~83.16 24.49~51.12 37.19~72.82 0.55~0.93 89.81~127.51 28.79~35.02 含量均值(mg/kg) 68.70 36.96 55.10 0.68 108.26 31.68 标准差(mg/kg) 11.76 8.19 10.63 0.13 12.10 2.58 变异系数 17.12 22.16 19.30 19.66 11.18 8.14 土壤环境 质量标准 Ⅰ级(mg/kg) 35 35 90 0.2 100 40 Ⅱ级(mg/kg) 300 100 200 0.3 250 50 Ⅲ级(mg/kg) 500 400 300 1 500 200 重庆地区 土壤[17] 背景值(mg/kg) 28.2 24.5 76.7 0.269 90.7 34.8 三峡库区 消落带土壤[8] 背景值(mg/kg) 42.89 35.70 44.72 0.49 88.09 - 
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表 2 土壤中重金属地质累积指数(Igeo)评价特征值
Table 2. Geo-accumulation index (Igeo) of heavy metals in soils
采样点 Pb Cu Cr Cd Zn Ni 沿岸 消落带 沿岸 消落带 沿岸 消落带 沿岸 消落带 沿岸 消落带 沿岸 消落带 渠马 0.88 0.98 -0.10 0.45 -1.56 -1.22 1.16 1.65 -0.33 0.13 -0.57 -0.34 猫爪子 1.18 1.22 -0.06 0.23 -1.13 -0.93 1.50 2.21 -0.43 0.21 -0.74 -0.35 高阳 0.33 0.53 -1.16 -0.61 -1.94 -0.68 1.30 2.07 -0.51 0.28 -0.82 -0.51 张王庙 1.20 1.21 -0.72 0.03 -1.44 -1.65 1.31 1.54 -0.30 -0.22 -1.01 -0.61 康家沟 0.66 0.74 0.00 0.01 -1.80 -1.00 1.40 1.44 -0.05 0.05 -0.80 -0.52 黄石 0.60 0.68 -0.79 -0.32 -1.70 -1.26 1.07 1.59 -0.10 -0.01 -0.84 -0.57 彭桥 0.99 1.10 -0.60 -0.19 -1.16 -1.20 1.47 1.80 -0.23 0.02 -0.69 -0.37 河口 0.71 0.91 -0.71 -0.02 -1.09 -0.95 1.45 1.65 -0.30 -0.17 -0.78 -0.62 Igeo平均值 0.82 0.92 -0.52 -0.05 -1.48 -1.11 1.33 1.74 -0.28 0.04 -0.78 -0.48
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表 3 消落带土壤中重金属各形态对其总量增量的贡献值
Table 3. The contribution of different fractions to the increased amount of heavy metals in WFLZ soils
形态 重金属各形态对其总量增量的贡献值(%) Pb Cu Cr Cd Zn Ni 酸提取态 23.07 18.17 7.15 47.53 34.75 15.12 可还原态 82.06 16.19 22.00 24.42 16.78 22.56 可氧化态 -3.52 31.95 5.60 27.98 16.00 10.33 残渣态 -1.62 33.69 65.25 0.08 32.48 51.99 注：表中的负值表示此形态金属相比对照是减少的。
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