Study on Alteration Characteristics of the Chengmenshan Tielukan Copper Deposit by A Hyperspectral Core Scanning System
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摘要: 铜矿床蚀变围岩与伴生矿体有着密切的成因与空间关系，通过分析铜矿床蚀变特征，可获得成矿时物理化学条件，热液中成矿元素的迁移、富集以及演化规律，最终指示铜矿床矿化富集程度以及矿体赋存位置。本文通过对城门山铜矿床外围铁路坎矿区的代表性岩心进行高光谱岩心扫描系统快速分析，结果显示在ZKJ9-7典型钻孔中，0~350m处以蒙脱石和碳酸盐典型光谱曲线为主；350~578m处以高岭土和白云母典型光谱曲线为主。通过矿物解译，自地表向下，城门山铁路坎矿区的矿物变化规律为：蒙脱石+高岭石→碳酸盐+蒙脱石→碳酸盐→白云母+高岭石+蒙脱石→白云母+高岭石+绿泥石。矿区浅部区域主要受花岗闪长斑岩体与碳酸盐类围岩之间的接触带构造控制；深部区域主要经历矽卡岩化和硅化，部分有绿泥石化，这些蚀变过程有利于铜矿的形成与富集。钻孔深部接触带两侧的岩石发生成分置换而形成矽卡岩，上升溶液沿着碳酸盐类接触面流动时，碳酸盐中的CaO通过粒间溶液，以上升溶液为媒介向硅铁质岩和硅铝质岩石方向扩散。相反，硅铁质岩和硅铝质岩中的FeO、Al2O3和SiO2以同样的方式向灰岩方向扩散，从而接触带两侧的岩石发生成分置换而形成矽卡岩。富铜矽卡岩型矿床的形成与溶液和岩石间的组分交换密切相关，组分的浓度差所引起的扩散作用在其中发挥了重要作用。Abstract:
BACKGROUNDThe altered wall rocks of copper deposits and associated ore bodies have a close genetic and spatial relationship. By analyzing the alteration characteristics of copper deposits, the physical and chemical conditions of the mineralization, the migration, enrichment and evolution of ore-forming elements in the hydrothermal fluid can be obtained. The alteration features ultimately indicate the mineralization degree of the copper deposit and the location of the ore body. The hyperspectral core scanning system is a new type of technical testing method, developed in recent years. This article documents the first time of studying the representative cores from the Chengmenshan Tielukan copper deposit by the hyperspectral core scanning system. At the same time, altered minerals were analyzed by electron probe microanalysis (EMPA). Thus, further revealing the metallogenic mechanism of the Chengmenshan copper deposit. OBJECTIVESTo investigate the alteration features of the Chengmenshan Tielukan copper deposit and to understand the ore genesis. METHODSSamples were analyzed by a hyperspectral core scanning system and electron probe microanalyzer. RESULTSThe results showed that in the typical borehole ZKJ9-7, the typical spectral curves of montmorillonite and carbonate were dominated at 0-350m, whereas the typical spectral curves of kaolin and muscovite were dominated at 350-578m. The mineral composition variation from the surface to the depth of the Tielukan region in the Chengmenshan copper deposit periphery was montmorillonite+kaolinite →carbonate+montmorillonite →carbonate →muscovite+kaolinite+montmorillonite →muscovite+kaolinite+chlorite. CONCLUSIONSIn the Tielukan region, the contact zone between the granodiorite porphyry and the carbonate wall rocks controls the superficial part, but in the deep part it has alteration processes such as skarnization, silicification and chloritization. These alteration processes will conduce to the formation and enrichment of the copper mine. The deep part of the drilling core also shows that rock component exchange occurred on both sides of the contact zone, resulting in the formation of the skarn in the deep part. When the ascending mineralized solution flows along the carbonate interface, CaO in carbonate diffuse to the ferrosilicon rock and aluminosilicon rock along with the intergranular solution. In contrast, FeO, Al2O3 and SiO2 in the ferrosilicon rock and aluminosilicon rock diffuse to limestone, and thus rock components exchange on both sides of the contact zone generating the skarn in the deep part. The formation of copper-rich skarn deposit is closely related to the components exchange between solution and rock. The diffusion effect caused by the concentration difference of the components plays an important role. -
Key words:
- copper deposit /
- hyperspectral spectrum /
- altered minerals /
- skarn /
- Chengmenshan
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表 1 CMS350B岩心光谱扫描技术参数
Table 1. Technical parameters of core spectrum scan in CMS350B
参数 工作条件 移动方向 X、Y方向移动 平台 长1.5m，宽1.5m 有效移动距离 X：1.2m，Y：1.2m 扫描分辨率 1mm 定位精度 优于0.1mm 最大扫描速度 200mm/s 有效荷载 样品台300kg，移动台100kg 光谱范围 350~2500nm 光谱分辨率 小于6nm 测量矿物 低温蚀变矿物 照片面积 130mm×100mm 照片分辨率 0.1mm2 
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表 2 ZKJ9-7钻孔典型蚀变矿物光谱特征
Table 2. Spectral characteristics of typical altered minerals from the ZKJ9-7 drilling
矿物 波谱图 波谱特征 碳酸盐 
碳酸盐在2300~2400nm间具有单一的吸收特征，对称性左宽右窄，有别于其他矿物；同时绝大多数矿物在2100~2200nm及2500nm附近具有次一级特征吸收峰 蒙脱石 
蒙脱石在2208nm附近表现出强烈的吸收特征，同时在1410nm和1910nm附近具有吸收特征 绢云母 
绢云母的光谱吸收特征主要分布在2200nm附近有明显的吸收峰，在2340nm和2440nm附近有次级吸收峰 高岭石 
高岭石在1400nm和2200nm处出现双吸收峰，同时双吸收峰的距离较近(< 15nm)
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表 3 城门山矿区蚀变带划分
Table 3. Partition of alteration zone in Chengmenshan copper deposit
蚀变带 亚带 蚀变带名称 相对位置 蚀变特征 内带 1 钾长石-石英化带 中心带 岩体中的蚀变 2 黑云母-钾长石化带 过渡带 3 泥化-绢云母化带 边缘带 外带 4 矽卡岩化带 接触带 围岩中的蚀变(碳酸盐类岩石和砂岩) 5 硅化-大理岩化带 外接触带
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表 4 ZKJ9-7钻孔中石榴子石的化学组成
Table 4. Chemical compositions of garnet in ZKJ9-7 drilling
元素 各样品化学组成(%) 9-7-3-1 9-7-3-2 9-7-3-3 9-7-3-5 9-7-3-6 9-7-3-7 9-7-3-8 SiO2 37.902 37.867 38.019 38.503 37.027 37.455 38.501 CaO 34.941 35.274 34.902 35.365 34.608 34.874 34.121 FeO 16.679 16.601 17.044 13.112 17.921 19.106 17.701 Al2O3 8.568 9.058 8.897 11.828 7.548 7.202 8.297 MnO 0.379 0.295 0.341 0.505 0.343 0.347 0.320 TiO2 0.148 0.164 0.075 0.170 0.199 0.012 0.046 K2O 0.019 0 0.014 0.036 0.023 0.011 0.003 Na2O 0 0.011 0.008 0.052 0.013 0.037 0.066 MgO 0.096 0.058 0.081 0.122 0.148 0.034 0.098 Cr2O3 0.019 0.021 0 0.008 0.001 0 0.001 NiO 0 0.009 0 0 0 0 0 总计 98.751 99.358 99.381 99.701 97.831 99.078 99.154
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