Genetic Types and Ecological Potential of Selenium-Enriched Land in the Northern Margin of the Qinghai—Xizang Plateau
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摘要:
青藏高原土壤硒(Se)在全国处于中-低水平，对其局部发现的富硒土地开展成因类型研究，可为构建青藏高原硒资源研究与开发利用体系提供科学依据，同时对改善青藏高原低Se摄入风险具有现实意义。本文在中国主要天然富硒土地特征及成因类型基础上，对青藏高原北缘通过土壤、岩石等多介质协同监测，分析Se及相关元素分布特征，总结了该地区主要存在干旱咸水湖沉积型、硫化物矿化型和有机质吸附型三种富硒土地类型。①干旱咸水湖沉积型富硒土地Se含量处于0.30～1.16mg/kg，重金属低于风险管控筛选值，空间上与Sr、Mg、Fe、Ca、Mo等有益元素叠加富集，硒来源于西宁群红色泥岩风化物，具有Se源沉积稳定、总量Se适中、重金属低、多种有益元素复合等优势，是青藏高原北缘乃至整个西北地区生态潜力较大的硒类型。②硫化物矿化型富硒土地Se含量处于0.30～2.22mg/kg；Ni、Cd、Cr和As存在0.2%～2.4%的点位超筛选值，As存在0.1%的点位超管控值，重金属呈高背景，具有潜在生态风险及气候高寒冷凉适宜产出作物有限等劣势，可在监测下发展林下经济和野生中草药产业。③有机质吸附型富硒土地Se含量处于0.30～0.59mg/kg；Ni、Cd、Cr和As不超标，Se具有增加草料营养、抵御重金属吸收等双重作用，可通过进一步探寻有机质在吸附-释放硒过程中的平衡条件，来调控Se发挥最大生态效应。
Abstract:The study of the genesis type of selenium (Se)-enriched land found in the Qinghai—Xizang Plateau can provide a scientific basis for the construction of the research, development and utilization system of Se resources on the Qinghai—Xizang Plateau and has practical significance for improving the risk of low Se intake on the Qinghai—Xizang Plateau. On the basis of summarizing the characteristics and genesis types of the main natural Se-enriched lands in China, the distribution characteristics of Se and related elements are analyzed through the coordinated monitoring of soil and rock, and the conclusion is that there are three types of Se-enriched lands in the northern margin of the Qinghai—Xizang Plateau, namely, arid saline lake sedimentary type, sulfide mineralization type and organic matter adsorption type. (1) In the sedimentary Se-enriched land of the arid saline lake, the Se content ranges from 0.30 to 1.16mg/kg, and the contents of heavy metals are below the risk control screening values. Spatially, Se overlaps and co-enriches with beneficial elements such as Sr, Mg, Fe, Ca, and Mo. Se is derived from the red mudstone weathering of the Xining Group, which has the advantages of stable Se source sedimentation, moderate total amount of Se, low heavy metals, and composite of a variety of beneficial elements. It is a type of Se with greater ecological potential in the northern margin of the Qinghai—Xizang Plateau and even the entire northwest region. (2) In sulfide mineralized Se-enriched land, Se content ranges from 0.30 to 2.22mg/kg; Ni, Cd, Cr and As exceed screening values in 0.2%−2.4% of the samples; As exceeds control values in 0.1% of the samples. The land has high natural heavy metal backgrounds, posing ecological risks and limitations of high-altitude and cold climate, which can be used to develop the forest-based economy and wild Chinese herbal medicine industry under monitoring. (3) In the organic matter adsorption type Se-enriched land, Se content ranges from 0.30 to 0.59mg/kg, and Ni, Cd, Cr and As do not exceed the standard. Se has the dual effects of increasing forage nutrition and resisting heavy metal absorption, so the maximum ecological effect of Se can be regulated by further exploring the equilibrium conditions of organic matter in the process of adsorption-release of Se.
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表 1 分析方法质量监控
Table 1. Quality control of analysis methods
指标 项目 GBW07401 GBW07402 GBW07403 GBW07404 GBW07405 GBW07406 GBW07407 GBW07408 Se ΔlgC −0.006 0.021 −0.019 0.019 0.006 0.009 0.026 0.009 RSD 4.46 4.63 4.53 4.81 2.46 4.43 4.95 4.55 As ΔlgC 0.008 −0.006 −0.024 0.013 0.007 −0.014 −0.028 0.01 RSD 2.9 4.24 3.4 3.38 2.13 4.12 4.8 3.22 Hg ΔlgC 0.026 0.028 −0.022 0.009 −0.012 0.006 −0.029 −0.026 RSD 4.48 4.78 4.85 2.68 3.49 2.51 4.9 4.28 Cr ΔlgC 0.035 0.031 0.029 0.016 0.007 0.034 0.025 −0.035 RSD 4.07 4 4.01 0.99 0.91 3.1 0.53 4.89 Cu ΔlgC 0.026 0.018 0.022 0.026 −0.035 0.029 −0.035 −0.011 RSD 1.69 4.35 3.38 1.35 0.45 1.66 0.72 2.59 Pb ΔlgC −0.017 0.006 0.01 −0.005 0.001 −0.01 −0.016 −0.008 RSD 1.35 4.57 2.3 2.48 0.28 0.51 4.23 3.83 Zn ΔlgC −0.018 0.013 0.021 0.001 −0.015 0.004 0.015 −0.003 RSD 0.55 1.4 1.85 0.35 1.09 3.05 0.45 1.4 Fe ΔlgC −0.013 −0.009 −0.002 0.01 0.014 0.01 −0.004 −0.018 RSD 0.57 0.57 0.4 0.42 0.43 0.41 0.18 0.82 Mn ΔlgC −0.01 0.003 0 0.026 −0.001 0.016 −0.018 −0.007 RSD 0.65 0.49 1.17 0.56 0.43 0.39 1.36 1.23 S ΔlgC −0.014 −0.021 −0.028 0.008 −0.005 0.025 −0.019 0.012 RSD 2.67 1.25 3.06 0.99 0.83 1.45 0.94 3.24 Mg ΔlgC −0.017 0.02 0.015 0 0.014 0.013 −0.017 0.013 RSD 0.95 0.71 2.02 0.69 0.89 0.89 1.26 1.58 Ca ΔlgC 0.01 0.018 −0.01 0 0.022 0.019 0 0.007 RSD 0.42 0.42 0.59 0.45 0.86 1.59 2.49 1.83 Mo ΔlgC 0.018 −0.009 −0.015 −0.024 0.015 −0.024 −0.018 0.025 RSD 4.14 4.13 4.6 3.92 4.23 4.2 3.79 4.6 Cd ΔlgC −0.026 0.006 −0.038 −0.042 −0.023 −0.038 −0.034 −0.035 RSD 3.26 4.6 4.51 4.5 4.91 4.19 4.99 3.04 Corg ΔlgC −0.02 −0.018 −0.026 0.014 0.013 0.005 0.007 0.014 RSD 3 4.31 2.72 4.63 4.92 1.47 4.06 3.92 pH 项目 GBW07412 GBW07413 GBW07414 GBW07415 GBW07416 GBW07417 — — pH平均 6.06 8.18 8.20 5.63 5.37 5.36 — — RE最大 0.08 −0.06 0.06 0.08 −0.07 −0.08 — — 注：RSD和RE单位为%；其他无量纲。 
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表 2 西宁盆地富硒区元素含量特征统计
Table 2. Statistics of element content characteristics in Se-enriched area of Xining Basin
元素 含量 (mg/kg) K 相关
系数*元素 含量 (mg/kg) K 相关
系数*元素 含量 (mg/kg) K 相关
系数*平均值 背景值［16］ 平均值 背景值［16］ 平均值 风险值 Se 0.54 0.26 2.1 1.00 Cu 27 25 1.1 0.10** As 16 25 0.6 0.29** S 6145 353 17.4 0.05 Zn 72 71 1.0 0.07** Cd 0.2 0.6 0.3 −0.01 Sr 367 154 2.4 0.20** Mn 641 580 1.1 0.01 Cr 81 250 0.3 0.06 Mg 31200 14800 2.1 0.25** Mo 1.22 0.86 1.4 0.31** Hg 0.034 3.4 0.01 −0.07** Ca 85400 28500 3.0 −0.22** Fe 46700 44900 1.0 0.23** Pb 24 170 0.1 0.07** 注：“*”表示Se与该元素的相关系数；“**”表示在99%的置信区间呈显著相关；K=均值/背景值(风险值)；风险值参照《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》(GB 15618—2018)。
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表 3 拉脊山主要岩性及风化物Se含量统计
Table 3. Statistics of Se content of main lithology and weathered materials in Laji Mountain
介质 Se含量(mg/kg) 玄武岩
(n=25)安山岩
(n=4)凝灰岩
(n=6)角砾岩
(n=2)灰岩
(n=7)砂岩
(n=3)破碎带
(n=1)褐铁矿化角砾岩
(n=1)岩石 0.12 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.06 0.24 1.08 1.25 残积物 0.24 0.12 0.12 0.21 0.20 0.44 1.19 0.61 土壤 0.30 0.24 0.22 0.23 0.30 0.37 0.84 0.47
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表 4 土壤Se与相关元素相关性分析
Table 4. Correlation analysis of Se in soil with related elements
元素 Se S Cu Corg Se 1 S 0.88** 1 Cu 0.98** 0.79** 1 Corg 0.01 0.12 0.05 1 注：“**”表示0.01水平(双侧)上显著相关。
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表 5 不同地区不同介质中Se含量统计
Table 5. Statistics of Se content in different media of different regions
介质 青海湖北部 拉脊山 西宁盆地 样品数量
(件)Se含量
(mg/kg)样品数量
(件)Se含量
(mg/kg)样品数量
(件)Se含量
(mg/kg)岩石 18 0.07 51 0.15 24 0.67 水系沉积物 14 0.20 51 0.25(残积物) 24 0.61 土壤 22 0.34 51 0.29 24 0.47
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