Spatial Pattern and Influence Factor Analysis of Soil Organic Matter Based on the GeoDetector Model: Taking Liaoyang—Anshan Area as an Example
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摘要:
土壤有机质是表征土壤肥力的关键指标，研究有机质分布空间格局及其影响因子，可为国土空间规划和土地合理利用提供决策依据。对于辽阳—鞍山地区，以往的研究大多集中在土壤表层，且研究单因子影响居多，为了系统研究土壤表层和剖面有机质分布内在规律及影响因素，本文在辽阳—鞍山地区采集土壤表层和剖面样品，采用重铬酸钾容量法、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法和凯氏蒸馏-容量法测定土壤理化指标含量，基于地统计学、相关性分析和地理探测器模型等方法探讨土壤有机质含量特征、空间格局及其影响因素。研究表明：①研究区土壤表层有机质含量范围为1.72～48.4g/kg，平均值为19.9g/kg，变异系数为41.9%，属中等程度变异，整体上呈东南向西北逐渐降低的空间格局，剖面有机质随深度增大而降低，剖面有机质降低与土壤含氧量、根系生物量和微生物活性降低有关；②土壤表层和剖面有机质与全氮、全磷、黏粒和粉粒含量呈正相关，与砂粒含量和容重呈负相关(p＜0.01)，这由有机质与氮、磷协同变化的生物地球化学机制和成土母质与质地的级联效应决定的；③任意两个因子交互作用大于单个因子，全氮与其他16个因子的交互作用解释力在0.80以上，土壤表层有机质空间分异，全氮、降雨量、容重和全磷是空间变异主导因子，同时受多种因素复杂影响。
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关键词:
- 土壤有机质 /
- 电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法 /
- 影响因子 /
- 地理探测器 /
- 辽阳—鞍山
Abstract:Spatial pattern of organic matter distribution and its influencing factors in the study area can provide a decision-making basis for territorial spatial planning. The majority of previous studies in this area focused on the soil surface, and most of them studied the influence of single factors. Therefore, the characteristics, spatial pattern and multi-factor influence of soil horizontal and vertical organic matter content were studied. The results showed that organic matter was higher in the southeast and lower in the northwest, and decreased with increasing depth. Organic matter was positively correlated with total nitrogen, total phosphorus, viscosity and silt content, and negatively correlated with sand content and bulk density. The interaction of any two factors was greater than that of a single factor. The BRIEF REPORT is available for this paper at
http://www.ykcs.ac.cn/en/article/doi/10.15898/j.ykcs.202412050251 . -
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表 1 数据正态分布检验结果
Table 1. Test results of normal distribution of data
统计参数 有机质含量 TN含量 TP含量 pH 容重 计数(个) 364 365 362 368 367 平均值(g/kg) 19.9 1.17 0.705 6.38 1.41 标准差(g/kg) 8.34 0.466 0.290 0.929 0.207 渐近显著性p(双尾) 0.007 0.041 0.001 0.001 0.005 
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表 2 分析方法质量监控
Table 2. Quality control of analysis methods
分析项目 分析方法 检出限
(mg/kg)准确度
(∆lgC)RSD
(%)报出率
(%)TP含量 ICP-OES 5 0.002～0.016 4.78～6.28 100 TN含量 VOL 20 0.001～0.016 3.77~4.61 100 有机碳含量 VOL 0.10* 0.002～0.011 3.03～6.62 100 pH ISE 0.10** 0.002～0.016 0.59～6.00 100 注：“*”表示计量单位为10−2，“**”表示无量纲。
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表 3 交互作用的类型及判别依据
Table 3. The types of interaction and the basis of discrimination
判断依据 交互作用 $ q\left(X1\cap X2\right) < \mathrm{M}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\left(q\left(X1\right)，q\left(X2\right)\right) $ q(X1)非线性减弱 $ \mathrm{M}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\left(q\left(X1\right)，q\left(X2\right)\right) < q\left(X1\cap X2\right) < $ $\mathrm{M}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}\left(q\left(X1\right)\right), q\left(X2\right)) $ 单因子非线
性减弱$ \left(X1\cap X2\right) ＞ \mathrm{M}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}\left(q\left(X1\right)，q\left(X2\right)\right) $ 双因子增强 $ q\left(X1\cap X2\right)=q\left(X1\right)+q\left(X2\right) $ 独立 $ q\left(X1\cap X2\right) ＞ q\left(X1\right)+q\left(X2\right) $ 非线性增强
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表 4 研究区土壤表层的分析测试结果
Table 4. Analytical results of surface soil in the study area
分析项目 最大值 最小值 平均值 标准差 变异系数
(%)pH 8.50 3.87 6.38 0.929 14.6 TN含量(g/kg) 2.80 0.121 1.17 0.466 39.9 TP含量(g/kg) 1.75 0.188 0.705 0.290 41.2 有机质含量(g/kg) 48.4 1.72 19.9 8.34 41.9 容重(g/cm3) 1.93 0.780 1.41 0.207 14.7 黏粒含量(%) 7.10 0.0353 3.59 1.25 34.8 粉粒含量(%) 91.8 27.5 72.7 14.8 20.3 砂粒含量(%) 71.9 2.39 23.7 15.8 67.0 注：土壤有机质与有机碳换算公式：土壤有机质(g/kg)=土壤有机碳(g/kg）×1.724。
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表 5 研究区土壤有机质分等标准及划分结果
Table 5. Soil organic matter content in different grades and area proportions
土壤有机质等级 有机质含量范围
(g/kg)面积
(km2)面积占比
(%)土壤有机质等级 有机质含量范围
(g/kg)面积
(km2)面积占比
(%)Ⅰ ＞40 18.3 0.24 Ⅳ 10～20 3626 47.5 Ⅱ 30～40 206 2.71 Ⅴ 6～10 547 7.18 Ⅲ 20～30 3070 40.3 Ⅵ ＜6 161 2.11
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表 6 不同利用类型区土壤有机质含量统计参数
Table 6. Statistical table of organic matter content data of different utilization types
土地利用类型 样品数量
(件)有机质含量变化范围
(g/kg)有机质含量平均值
(g/kg)标准差
(g/kg)变异系数
(%)旱地 173 1.72～47.2 19.5b 7.75 39.7 水浇地 21 7.07～34.6 21.0b 7.94 37.8 水田 44 5.86～45.5 22.7b 9.00 39.6 林地 44 1.90～46.9 19.5b 9.62 49.3 草地 2 24.6～48.4 36.5a 16.8 46.0 园地 13 5.69～37.1 18.7b 9.82 52.4 住宅用地(含工矿、商业用地等) 67 4.48～40.3 18.6b 7.46 40.1 注：a、b不同字母表示差异显著(p＜0.05)。
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表 7 表层和剖面土壤有机质与影响因子的斯皮尔曼相关系数
Table 7. Spearman correlation coefficients between topsoil and soil profile organic matter and impact factors
测试指标 表层土壤有机质含量
(n=368)剖面土壤有机质含量
(n=52)TN含量 0.898** 0.945** TP含量 0.560** 0.873** pH 0.030 −0.307* 容重 −0.284** −0.305* 黏粒含量 0.406** 0.751** 粉粒含量 0.410** 0.726** 砂粒含量 −0.416** −0.726** 与公路距离 0.004 − 与河流距离 −0.089 − 与居民距离 0.019 − 海拔 −0.007 − 降雨量 0.174** − 气温 0.030 − 注：“**” 代表在0.01级别(双尾)，相关性显著；“*” 代表在0.05级别(双尾)，相关性显著，“−”代表没有统计意义。
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