Research Progress on Influencing Factors and Mechanisms of Chromium Valence State Transformation in Soil
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摘要:
土壤中铬(Cr)污染是全球性环境问题，六价铬Cr(Ⅵ)因其高毒性及致癌性而成为关注焦点。土壤中的Cr主要以Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ) )的形式存在，两者之间的转化受到诸如土壤pH值、氧化还原电位(Eh)、天然氧化还原剂、有机质和微生物的影响。随着工农业活动的增多，土壤中的Cr浓度不断增加，并通过植物吸收进入食物链等多种途径，对生态系统和人体健康构成威胁。本文对Cr在全球范围内的污染现状及来源、土壤中Cr的不同价态及其毒性特征进行了评述，并分析了pH、Eh对土壤中Cr的具体存在形态与价态的影响，及天然氧化还原剂、有机质等因素利用自身化学性质充当电子供体或受体的角色对土壤中Cr价态进行转化的氧化还原机理，以及不同影响因素之间的相互作用关系，从而可以全面理解土壤中Cr价态转化的行为机制。此外，在对Cr价态影响因素深入了解的基础上，总结了以生物炭和纳米材料为代表的先进修复技术方法，这些材料和方法由于能够将Cr(Ⅵ) 有效地还原为毒性较小的Cr(Ⅲ)，从而降低生态环境风险，因而是一类具有巨大潜在应用价值的修复材料和修复方法，但大规模应用的可行性及其修复效果仍需要进一步验证。
Abstract:Chromium (Cr) pollution in soil is a global environmental problem, and hexavalent chromium [Cr(Ⅵ)] has become a focus of attention due to its high toxicity and carcinogenicity. Cr in soil mainly exists in the form of Cr(Ⅲ) and Cr(Ⅵ), and the transformation between the two is influenced by factors such as soil pH, redox potential (Eh), natural redox agents, organic matter, and microorganisms. This article provides an overview of the global pollution status and sources of Cr in soil, as well as the different valence states and toxicity characteristics of Cr in soil. It also analyzes the redox mechanisms of chromium valence state transformation in soil affected by different factors, as well as the interactions between different factors. In addition, through a deep understanding of the factors affecting the valence state of Cr, advanced remediation techniques represented by biochar and nanomaterials have emerged. These methods can effectively reduce Cr(Ⅵ) to less toxic Cr(Ⅲ), thereby reducing ecological and environmental risks. Therefore, they are a potentially valuable remediation material and technique. However, the feasibility and effectiveness of large-scale applications still need further verification. The BRIEF REPORT is available for this paper at
http://www.ykcs.ac.cn/en/article/doi/10.15898/j.ykcs.202401180007 . -
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表 1 不同国家土壤Cr污染现状
Table 1. Current situation of Cr pollution in different countries
研究场地 Cr(Ⅲ)含量
(mg/kg)Cr(Ⅵ)含量
(mg/kg)总Cr含量
(mg/kg)对照标准 是否污染
地下水埃塞俄比亚某制革厂周边
污染区域土壤［19］791.5～1811.4 0.621～0.973 792.47～1812.21 制革厂90公里外某处未受污染土壤样品：Cr(Ⅲ)浓度0.18mg/kg，
Cr(Ⅵ)未检出，总Cr浓度0.18mg/kg是 意大利南部一处往年被长期非法掩埋皮革工业废物的农田［20］ — 0.15～11.18 48～6831 意大利议会制定的关于土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)筛选值2mg/kg，
总Cr筛选值150mg/kg未评估 中国重庆某铬盐生产场地
遗留旧址［21］— 168.8～203.4 — 《土壤环境质量标准》
(GB 36600—2018)限值5.7mg/kg未评估 中国天津原同生化工厂残渣垃圾堆放场地及周边表层土壤［22］ — — 8571.4～10711.4 《土壤环境质量标准》
(GB 15618—2018) 限值250mg/kg是 中国宁夏回族自治区某煤化
化工厂周边土壤［23］— 6.480～11.750 73.800～107.080［24］ 中国土壤Cr(Ⅵ)背景值6.100mg/kg；宁夏土壤Cr(Ⅵ)背景值6.000mg/kg 未评估 注：“—”表示数据缺失。 
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