Geochemical characteristics of hot spring fluids in the Xunwu-Shicheng fault zone of southern Jiangxi
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摘要:
寻乌—石城断裂带是赣南东部发育的一条NNE向深大断裂带，温泉发育密集且地震活动频繁，以往关于其温泉流体特征及演化机制研究甚少，制约了温泉资源的可持续开发利用。为了揭示该断裂带温泉流体地球化学特征及其成因和来源，更好地开展地热资源勘查研究，采集了断裂带上9组温泉气、水样品，采用分光光度法、色谱法、质谱法等进行了水化学组成、气体组分、同位素分析。结果表明：（1）寻乌—石城断裂带温泉水化学类型主要为HCO3•SO4—Na•Ca型和HCO3—Na型；温泉是大气降水沿断裂带渗入深部热储结构加热形成；温泉水为水岩作用未达到平衡的未成熟水，通过SiO2温标估算的热储温度在99 ~143 °C之间。（2）温泉气体组分以CO2和N2为主，普遍含有He；CO2主要是无机幔源成因，He以壳源成因为主、幔源成因为辅，幔源CO2、He具有显著成因联系，为断裂带沟通深部流体上涌形成。（3）在寻乌—石城断裂带地幔深源流体异常释放作用下，热储温度、幔源气体参数等温泉流体特征与构造和地震活动性有较好的对应关系，断裂带南段是探寻中高温地热资源的有利区。研究结果对指导寻乌—石城断裂带下一步地热资源勘探具有重要意义。
Abstract:The Xunwu-Shicheng fault zone, located in the eastern part of southern Jiangxi, is a NNE-trending deep fault zone characterized by dense geothermal hot spring activity and frequent seismic events. However, limited research on the characteristics and evolutionary mechanisms of its hot spring fluids has hindered the sustainable development and utilization of geothermal resources. To reveal the geochemical characteristics and origin of hot spring fluids in the fault zone to support the geothermal resource exploration, hot spring water samples and gas samples from nine hot springs were collected. Water chemical composition, gas composition, and isotope analysis of the hot springs were tested by spectrophotometry, chromatography, mass spectrometry, etc. The results show that the hydrochemical types of hot springs in the Xunwu-Shicheng fault zone are mainly HCO3•SO4—Na•Ca and HCO3—Na. The hot springs are formed by the heating of precipitation infiltrating deep thermal storage structures along fault zones. The hot spring water is immature water whose water-rock interaction has not reached equilibrium, and the reservoir temperature is estimated to be 99−143 °C by SiO2 geothermometer. The gas components in hot springs are mainly CO2 and N2, with traces of He. CO2 is mainly derived from inorganic mantle sources, while He originates predominantly from crust, with a secondary contribution mantle. Mantle-derived CO2 and He have significant genetic connections, formed by the upwelling of deep fluids connected by the fault zones. Under the abnormal release of deep mantle fluids in the Xunwu-Shicheng fault zone, the characteristics of hot spring fluids such as thermal storage temperature and mantle gas parameters have a good correspondence between tectonic and seismic activity. The southern section of the fault zone is a favorable area for exploring medium-high temperature geothermal resources. This study provides valuable insights for guiding futher of hot spring resource exploration in the Xunwu-Shicheng fault zone.
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图 8 寻乌—石城断裂带温泉气体
$ {{\boldsymbol{\varphi}} }_{{{\bf{CO}}}_{{\boldsymbol{2}}}} $ /$ {{\boldsymbol{\varphi}} }_{{}^{{\boldsymbol{3}}}{\bf{He}}} $ -δ13$ {\bf{C}}_{{{\bf{CO}}}_{{\boldsymbol{2}}}} $ 关系图Figure 8.
图 9 寻乌—石城断裂带温泉气体氦同位素（R/Ra）与碳同位素（δ13
$ {\bf{C}}_{{{\bf{CO}}}_{{\boldsymbol{2}}}} $ ）相关性Figure 9.
图 10 寻乌—石城断裂带温泉位置（a）与热储温度（b）、TDS（c）、
$ {\mathbf{HCO}}_{3}^{-} $ （d）、CO2（e）、R/Ra（f）、幔源氦（g）和地震震级（h）关系图Figure 10.
表 1 寻乌—石城断裂带温泉水化学特征表
Table 1. Chemical characteristics of hot spring water in the Xunwu-Shicheng fault zone
编号 温度/°C pH 质量浓度（ρ）/（mg·L−1） δ18O/‰ δD/‰ 水化学类型 Ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ K+ $ {\mathrm{HCO}}_{3}^{-} $ $ {\mathrm{SO}}_{4}^{2-} $ Cl− F− H2SiO3 TDS Q1 35.5 7.3 68.1 11.8 522.4 76.5 1620.8 80.0 14.6 12.0 158.0 1716.7 −6.7 −36.2 HCO3—Na Q2 51.0 8.3 14.9 4.0 98.0 23.0 250.7 24.0 14.4 15.0 156.0 443.0 −6.6 −43.2 HCO3—Na Q3 61.0 7.2 100.4 6.6 665.6 48.6 1734.4 300.0 33.8 7.2 179.0 2217.8 −6.5 −36.6 HCO3—Na Q4 40.0 8.2 37.1 1.8 210.0 43.2 568.5 80.0 12.8 12.0 104.0 768.9 −6.8 −41.6 HCO3—Na Q5 45.0 7.6 52.9 2.9 267.5 13.5 468.0 50.0 219.6 4.8 108.8 929.0 −7.2 −48.2 HCO3•Cl—Na Q6 42.0 6.9 97.1 1.3 193.4 8.5 426.6 251.7 20.2 4.6 140.5 897.7 −6.9 −46.9 HCO3•SO4—Na•Ca Q7 34.0 6.0 132.3 17.5 290.0 34.0 795.2 337.6 19.7 6.0 83.0 1244.8 −7.2 −47.8 HCO3•SO4—Na•Ca Q8 50.0 7.4 66.3 2.0 79.7 7.4 213.3 148.1 5.3 10.8 112.2 486.6 −6.4 −39.6 HCO3•SO4—Na•Ca Q9 39.0 6.9 14.4 1.5 35.0 8.0 70.6 40.0 9.6 6.0 117.0 240.3 −7.0 −41.9 HCO3•SO4—Na•Ca 
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表 2 寻乌—石城断裂带温泉气体组分和同位素组成
Table 2. Hot spring gas and isotope compositions in the Xunwu-Shicheng fault zone
编号 温泉 气体组分体积分数（φ）/% 3He/4He R/Ra δ13 $ {\mathrm{C}}_{{{\mathrm{CO}}}_{2}} $ /‰CO2 CH4 N2 O2 Ar He Q1 吊神排温泉 93.45 0.01 5.44 1.03 0.06 0.01 4.22×10−6 3.01 −5.8 Q2 石牛湖温泉 0.44 0.03 96.75 0.83 1.31 0.64 9.71×10−7 0.69 — Q3 磷石背温泉 91.64 0 6.65 1.62 0.08 0.01 2.95×10−6 2.10 −6.1 Q4 上津温泉 4.44 0.16 93.05 0.31 1.20 0.84 1.22×10−6 0.87 — Q5 汉仙温泉 0.76 0.23 96.02 1.40 1.38 0.21 1.04×10−6 0.74 — Q6 谢坊温泉 9.16 0.37 88.10 0.28 0.97 1.12 1.10×10−6 0.79 −12.4 Q7 龙门温泉 85.29 0.08 12.11 2.23 0.26 0.02 3.51×10−6 2.51 −6.9 Q8 上温寮温泉 19.15 0 75.17 4.06 1.08 0.54 8.06×10−7 0.58 −11.8 Q9 烧湖里温泉 4.33 0 86.85 7.47 1.21 0.14 1.42×10−6 1.02 — 注：R/Ra表示氮同位素值（R）和空气氮同位素值（Ra）的比值。
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表 3 寻乌—石城断裂带温泉水补给高程
Table 3. Elevation of hot spring water recharge in the Xunwu-Shicheng fault zone
编号 温泉高程/m δ18O计算高程/m δD计算高程/m 平均高程/m Q1 237 834 301 567 Q2 267 830 611 721 Q3 232 762 312 537 Q4 240 870 520 695 Q5 213 976 757 867 Q6 180 843 672 758 Q7 211 974 739 857 Q8 343 840 543 691 Q9 280 977 572 774
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表 4 寻乌—石城断裂带温泉水硅温标计算结果表
Table 4. Calculation results of hot spring water silicon geothermometer in the Xunwu-Shicheng Fault Zone
编号 SiO2含量/（mg·L−1） 石英温标/°C 玉髓温标/°C 平均温度/°C Q1 121.54 148.39 122.97 135.68 Q2 120.00 147.64 122.13 134.88 Q3 137.67 155.87 131.37 143.62 Q4 80.00 125.10 97.15 111.12 Q5 83.68 127.48 99.76 113.62 Q6 108.04 141.56 115.34 128.45 Q7 63.85 113.57 84.58 99.08 Q8 86.28 129.11 101.56 115.34 Q9 90.00 131.39 104.08 117.73
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