Geothermal characteristics and high-yield geothermal well parameters in the Baimiaozi sag of Huhe depression
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摘要:
呼和坳陷白庙子凹陷地热地质条件优越，以往地热勘查主要围绕凹陷中心北部浅埋区热储层布置钻孔，但探获的热储埋藏浅、热储厚度相对薄，探测西南部新近系深部砂岩热储，寻找高产能地热资源是呼和浩特市地热勘查开发的重要方向。文章以白庙子凹陷西南部的TD1孔为依托，通过二维地震剖面解译、钻探、物探测井、放喷试验、水样测试分析，研究新近系热储的特征、深部热对流机制、主要参数等。研究结果表明：（1）白庙子凹陷西南部新近系地热储层厚度大，是地热资源勘查开发的有利目标区，TD1孔新近系深部热储由大厚度砂砾岩组成，热储总厚度299.5 m，占地层总厚度的40.69%；（2）TD1孔在新近系中新统
2030.9 ～2282.5 m深度共发育14层热储层，热储总厚度160.4 m，占地层总厚度的63.75%，孔隙度平均值26.27%，为TD1孔主要出水段；（3）TD1孔口水温75.0°C，孔底最高温度80.7 °C，2030.9 ～2282.5 m深度热储层孔隙度最高，井温梯度明显偏低，推测深部存在热对流；（4）TD1孔放喷试验曲线反映了深部热储层呈强富水性特征，完井稳定涌水量233.12 m3/h，单井供暖潜力达33×104 m2，为目前发现的呼和坳陷最高产能地热井。研究成果揭示了呼和坳陷白庙子凹陷西南部新近系高产能热储特征和单井供暖潜力，可为未来呼和坳陷高产能地热资源勘查开发提供参考借鉴。Abstract:The geothermal geological conditions of Baimiaozi sag in Huhe depression are favorable for geothermal exploration. Previous geothermal investigations primarily focused on boreholes around the northern shallow-buried zone of the sag center, where the thermal reservoirs are shallow and relatively thin. However, exploring deep Neogene sandstone geothermal reservoirs in the southwest of the sag represents a key direction for geothermal exploration and development in Hohhot. Based on the borehole TD1 in the southwest of Baimiaozi sag, this study analyzed the seismic data by interpretation of two dimension seismic profile, drilling, geophysical logging, blowout test, and water sample test, to study the characteristics, deep thermal convection mechanism, and main parameters of the Neogene geothermal reservoir. The results show that the Neogene geothermal reservoir in the southwest of the sag is thick, which is a favorable target for exploration and development of geothermal resources. The deep Neogene geothermal reservoir in borehole TD1 is composed of a considerable thickness of conglomeratic sandstone, with a total thickness of 299.5 m, accounting for 40.69% of the total thickness of the formation. 14 geothermal reservoir layers have been developed in the Neogene Miocene from
2030.9 m to2282.5 m deep in TD1 borehole, with a total thickness of 160.4 m, accounting for 63.75% of the formation’s total thickness and an average porosity value of 26.27%, which is the dominant water-yielding section of the borehole TD1. The wellhead temperature in the borehole TD1 is 75.0 °C, and the max bottom temperature is 80.7 °C. The geothermal gradient from2030.9 m to2282.5 m with high porosity development is significantly lower, suggesting the existence of deep heat convection. The pumping test in borehole TD1 demonstrates the reservoir’s high water yield, with a stable well flow rate of 233.12 m3/h. The heating potential with the single well is estimated at 33×104 m2, making it the highest-yielding geothermal well currently discovered in the Huhe depression. These findings highlight the characteristics of high-yield thermal storage and the single-well heating potential of the Neogene geothermal reservoir in the southwest of Baimiaozi sag, providing valuable insights for the future exploration and development of high-yield geothermal resources in the Huhe depression. -
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表 1 TD1新近系热储出水层测井解释成果
Table 1. Main Water-yielding stratum logging results of Neogene thermal storage in borehole TD1
层 号 层位 井段/m 层厚/m 电阻率/（Ω·m） 声波时差/（μs·m−1） 孔隙度% 渗透率/（10−3 μm2） 泥质含量/% 解释结论 1 N2w 1546.4 ～1556.1 9.7 7.8 354.6 27.6 489.54 16.5 水层 2 1559.4 ～1566.0 6.6 7.2 337.7 24.8 309.66 15.9 水层 3 1570.7 ～1576.5 5.8 8.5 351.1 27.1 446.36 20.6 水层 4 1580.1 ～1583.1 3.0 7.0 336.3 24.7 310.27 37.1 水层 5 1594.5 ～1598.9 4.4 5.7 345.1 26.2 404.64 22.2 水层 6 1612.7 ～1616.1 3.4 5.5 331.3 23.9 269.11 33.4 水层 7 1633.9 ～1635.3 1.4 3.2 339.5 25.4 357.49 39.4 水层 8 1638.7 ～1642.5 3.8 3.7 341.3 19.0 303.46 40.3 水层 9 1672.3 ～1679.7 7.4 4.3 327.7 23.5 448.40 24.6 水层 10 1689.5 ～1691.3 1.8 3.6 348.0 23.9 612.68 9.8 水层 11 1710.9 ～1716.0 5.1 4.0 326.1 23.0 339.80 20.5 水层 12 1731.6 ～1734.5 2.9 5.7 298.5 18.7 114.55 23.8 水层 13 1738.5 ～1740.7 2.2 4.4 347.1 25.4 436.33 30.6 水层 14 1759.0 ～1762.3 3.3 4.4 338.8 21.4 366.21 23.1 水层 15 1781.1 ～1785.8 4.7 3.9 306.4 20.2 132.44 39.7 水层 16 1797.0 ～1803.1 6.1 4.6 298.9 20.1 139.29 25.0 水层 17 1822.1 ～1825.8 3.7 3.9 307.5 22.3 243.88 35.9 水层 18 1834.7 ～1843.6 8.9 3.9 304.5 21.8 457.45 25.1 水层 19 1861.2 ～1866.6 5.4 3.6 309.1 20.5 316.54 33.3 水层 20 1868.7 ～1872.5 3.8 4.4 306.9 16.0 138.35 43.5 水层 21 1905.8 ～1914.4 8.6 4.7 280.1 16.9 80.36 22.8 水层 22 1917.1 ～1920.2 3.1 4.0 289.2 19.4 250.97 31.9 水层 23 1922.7 ～1926.6 3.9 4.5 293.2 20.1 148.30 25.8 水层 24 1929.8 ～1931.7 1.9 4.9 282.7 14.8 66.80 41.2 水层 25 1935.4 ～1938.8 3.4 3.1 303.3 17.4 209.27 40.2 水层 26 1958.4 ～1962.2 3.8 2.7 371.6 20.4 317.99 29.4 水层 27 1966.7 ～1968.9 2.2 4.5 294.9 17.3 161.86 36.0 水层 28 1981.3 ～1984.1 2.8 2.9 329.8 20.9 406.37 45.1 水层 29 1997.3 ～2004.1 6.8 4.6 257.5 15.7 67.37 23.2 水层 30 2021.7 ～2030.9 9.2 4.9 271.0 18.2 84.56 23.8 水层 31 N1w 2042.4 ～2063.4 21.0 2.8 340.0 25.4 340.28 21.7 水层 32 2064.9 ～2109.3 44.4 3.0 353.2 27.0 515.12 27.2 水层 33 2110.9 ～2113.0 2.1 2.4 353.4 28.1 526.18 23.6 水层 34 2129.3 ～2137.3 8.0 1.9 351.8 27.5 506.15 29.1 水层 35 2138.7 ～2143.0 4.3 1.8 367.3 24.1 756.49 39.3 水层 36 2149.0 ～2171.3 22.3 1.9 350.3 26.5 480.12 23.4 水层 37 2177.9 ～2186.9 9.0 2.0 354.0 25.3 454.73 28.6 水层 38 2197.5 ～2214.8 17.3 1.6 352.0 28.3 574.54 13.5 水层 39 2216.4 ～2224.4 8.0 1.7 345.0 27.0 526.70 13.9 水层 40 2232.7 ～2238.8 6.1 2.0 336.3 25.5 351.78 11.9 水层 41 2242.6 ～2245.7 3.1 2.2 307.0 20.0 231.15 23.8 水层 42 2260.9 ～2263.6 2.7 3.9 310.2 18.1 151.35 32.3 水层 43 2267.2 ～2277.2 10.0 1.7 344.7 27.2 463.48 17.0 水层 44 2280.4 ～2282.5 2.1 1.8 353.6 17.6 77.36 10.7 水层 
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表 2 TD1孔放喷试验水文地质参数
Table 2. Blowout test results of hydrogeological parameters for TD1 borehole
落程 放喷时间/h 稳定延续
时间/h热水头
/m稳定动
水位/m涌水量
/（m3·h−1）降深
/m单位涌水量
/（m3·h−1·m−1）出水温度
/°C抽水管
半径/m含水层
厚度/m渗透系数
/（m·d−1）影响半径
/m第一落程 72.00 71.50 +58.12 +16.81 233.12 41.31 5.64 75.0 0.1183 299.5 0.57 312 第二落程 96.00 95.54 +27.81 170.00 30.31 5.61 75.0 0.1183 299.5 0.54 223 第三落程 48.00 47.54 +37.13 117.98 20.99 5.62 74.5 0.1183 299.5 0.52 151 第四落程 24.00 23.52 +47.45 60.51 10.67 5.67 74.5 0.1183 299.5 0.47 73 注：四个落程的渗透系数平均值为0.51 m/d。
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表 3 地热钻孔热储参数对比
Table 3. Comparison of geothermal borehole and thermal storage parameters
孔号 井深/m 热储厚度/m 砂厚比/ $ \% $ 平均孔隙度/ $ \% $ 单位涌水量/（m3·h−1·m−1） 孔口出水温度/°C 构造位置 HR5 2404 180.5 N2w：49.0 42.72 20.06 0.85 56.0 凹陷东北部 N1w：114.1 22.02 21.24 E1l：17.4 5.96 22.33 HR6 2400 218.8 N2w：81.3 11.24 16.15 1.46 64.0 凹陷北中部 N1w：137.5 33.54 20.71 HR10 2206 226.1 E3l：226.1 38.45 25.81 4.12 66.0 凹陷北部 TD1 2552 299.5 N2w：139.1 28.71 21.33 5.64 75.0 凹陷西南部 N1w：160.4 63.75 26.27
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表 4 TD1孔与呼和坳陷主要地热井基本情况对比表
Table 4. Basic parameters comparison between main geothermal wells in the Huhe depression and borehole TD1
序号 位置/编号 井深
/m利用段
深度/m热储时代 热储
岩性涌水量
/（m3·h−1）单位涌水量
/（m3·h−1·m−1）井口水温
/°C地热井产能
/kW资料
来源1 土默特左旗塔布赛村/TD1 2552 1546.4 ～2282.5 N2w-N1w 砂砾岩 233.12 5.64 75.0 17783.85 本研究，2021年 2 土默特右旗巧儿气村/HBDR2 3016 2288.3 ～2997.0 N2w-N1w 粗砂岩 201.60 1.58 82.0 17068.74 文献[20] 3 土默特左旗独立坝村/HBDR3 2221 1378.10 ～2210.1 N1w-E1l 细砂岩 132.99 2.84 62.0 8135.50 4 土默特左旗后红岱村/R10 2206 1600.3 ～2106.3 E1l 粗砂岩 164.75 4.51 66.0 10844.80 5 土默特左旗台阁牧地区/HR5 2404 2120.0 ～2284.3 N2w-N1w-E1l 细砂岩 73.66 0.85 56.0 3992.06 6 土默特左旗毕克齐/HR6 2400 1267.0 ～2393.5 N2w-N1w 细砂岩 116.70 1.46 64.0 7410.43 7 达拉特旗树林召/ HR7 2602 1884.40 ～2601.0 N2w-N1w 粗砂岩 122.58 1.21 66.0 8068.93 8 土默特右旗萨拉齐/HR8 2404 1440.0 ～2356.0 N2w-N1w 粗砂岩 89.51 1.04 53.0 4538.77 9 包头市滨河新区/HR9 2604 1577.7 ～2581.8 N2w-N1w 粗砂岩 119.30 1.58 64.0 7575.53
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