Geochemical characteristics and evolution process for hot spring gas of the north-south graben system in Qinghai−Xizang Plateau
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摘要:
目前，对于青藏高原南部单个地热田的水文地球化学演化过程，已有较为清晰的认识，但对于该地区各个地堑系的热泉气体来源和空间特征及演化过程仍缺乏深入了解。通过对青藏高原南部3 个地堑（错那—沃卡、亚东—谷露、申扎—定结）的16个热泉气体进行采样与测试，研究分析了地热气体组分、同位素特征、地热气体来源、各地热气体物质含量与状态和地下热储温度的空间关系。以地幔缝合线为分界，识别了青藏高原南部3 种类型的热泉气体，取得以下结论：（1）地幔缝合线南北侧的温泉气体演化过程存在明显差异，且青藏高原南部部分温泉气体发生脱气分馏现象；（2）温泉气体中氦、碳主要来源于地壳，氦的运移主要依附于二氧化碳的流动；（3）研究区热储温度存在明显差异，亚东—谷露地堑温度较高（225 °C）。研究成果可为阐释青藏高原南部构造与地热气体及地热田的相关性提供参考，同时，对气体地球化学特征及其演化过程的深入探讨，对于深化对地下地质过程的认识以及推动地热资源的高效开发有重要意义。
Abstract:While the hydrogeochemical characteristics of a single geothermal field in Qinghai−Xizang Plateau are well understood, the study of hot spring gases in various graben systems and their spatial characteristics and evolutionary processes, remains insufficiently explored. The study reported 16 hot spring gases from three grabens (Cuona−Woka garben, Yadong−Gulu garben and Shenzha−Dingjie garben) in Qinghai−Xizang Plateau. The composition and isotopic characteristics as well as the sources of hot spring gas were analyzed. Additionally, the relationship between the content of hot spring gas and the reservior temperature was conducted in the three garbens. Three types of gases were distinguished in Qinghai−Xizang Plateau by using the “mantle suture line” as the boundary. The results show that hot spring gases in the north and south sides of the boundary have undergone different evolutionary processes, with some samples in the south showing evidence of degassing and fractionation. The sources of helium and carbon isotopes in the hot spring gases are mainly derived from the crust, and the migration of helium is dependent on the flow of carbon dioxide. There are significant differences of reservior temperature in the three garbens, with a higher temperature (225 °C) in the Yadong−Gulu graben. This study provides insights in understanding the relationship between structures, hot spring gases, and geothermal fields in Qinghai−Xizang Plateau. The exploration of gas geochemical characteristics and their evolutionary processes are significant for the understanding of the underground geological processes and the exploitation and utilization of geothermal resources.
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Key words:
- geochemistry /
- geothermal gas /
- geothermal thermometer /
- gas isotopes
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表 1 青藏高原南部地热气体采样位置及主要气体组分占比
Table 1. Sampling locations and main gas components of geothermal gas in Qinghai−Xizang Plateau
样品编号 类型 He分界线
位置体积占比/% He H2 CH4 N2 O2 Ar CO2 XZ-022 CO2 北 4.0×10−4 890.0×10−4 0 3.5 0.8 0.1 94.8 XZ-023 CO2 北 53.0×10−4 9970.0 ×10−40.1 6.3 0.3 0.1 83.3 XZ-026 CO2 北 59.0×10−4 1.9×10−4 0 4.2 0.4 0 95.2 XZ-029 N2 北 6854.0 ×10−4— 5.6 91.4 1.1 1.2 0.1 XZ-030 N2 北 6561.0 ×10−4570.0×10−4 5.7 90.7 0.9 1.6 0 XZ-033 CO2 南 963.0×10−4 0 2.7 14.5 0.4 0.2 82.1 XZ-035 CO2 南 526.0×10−4 1.7×10−4 1.6 11.3 0.7 0.1 86.3 XZ-036 CO2 南 9.0×10−4 4.2×10−4 0.9 7.4 0.5 0.1 91.1 XZ-042 CO2 南 136.0×10−4 — — 5.0 0.3 0.1 94.6 XZ-043 CO2 南 21.0×10−4 — — 25.1 4.6 0.2 70.2 XZ-046 CO2 北 201.0×10−4 — 0.1 23.4 1.8 0.3 74.5 XZ-049 CO2 北 27.0×10−4 — 0.1 5.1 0.4 0.1 94.2 XZ-052 CO2 北 945.0×10−4 4.2×10−4 1.9 10 0.5 0.1 87.5 XZ-057 CO2 北 244.0×10−4 — 3.2 9.0 0.4 0.1 87.3 XZ-060 CO2 北 1326.0 ×10−4590.0×10−4 3.7 10.5 0.3 0.1 84.7 XZ-063 CO2 北 1366.0 ×10−40 0.1 24.9 1.1 0.2 73.7 36G N2 北 4588.0 ×10−4890.0×10−4 0.2 96.4 1.7 1.0 0.1 95G N2 北 5707.0 ×10−49970.0 ×10−40.1 90.5 8.5 0.7 0.1 96G N2 北 7037.0 ×10−41.9×10−4 0.1 95.5 3.4 0.8 0.1 48G CO2 北 2015.0 ×10−4— — 34.8 3.5 0.4 61.2 117G CO2 南 585.0×10−4 570.0×10−4 0 32.4 1.0 0.5 65.9 159G CO2 北 583.0×10−4 0.0 0.1 17.4 0.8 0.2 81.5 63G CO2 南 581.0×10−4 1.7×10−4 0.8 10.6 1.0 0.2 85.7 116G CO2 南 1546.0 ×10−44.2×10−4 0.1 15.1 0.8 0.2 83.8 46G CO2 北 52.0×10−4 — — 19.7 1.4 0.2 78.7 53G CO2 北 143.0×10−4 — — 20.8 4.3 0.2 74.6 155G CO2 北 91.0×10−4 — — 15.2 2.7 0.1 82.0 152G CO2 北 12.0×10−4 0 0.2 6.7 0.4 0 92.7 155G CO2 北 57.0×10−4 4.2×10−4 0.1 9.5 1.1 0 89.3 81G CO2 南 16.0×10−4 0 — 14.9 2.8 0.1 82.2 注：部分资料来源为文献[24]；“—”表示未测试。 
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表 2 青藏高原南部地热气体He和C同位素组成
Table 2. He and C isotopes in the geothermal gas in Qinghai−Xizang Plateau
样品编号 RC/RA 4He/20Ne δ13CO2/‰ δ13CH4/‰ CO2/3He He来源占比/% CO2来源占比/% 大气 地幔 地壳 地幔 碳酸岩 有机物 XZ-022 0.50 3 −7.3 — 3.57×1011 9.9 4.9 85.2 0.4 72.6 26.9 XZ-023 0.32 26 −4.5 — 3.47×1010 1.2 3.7 95.1 4.3 80.0 15.6 XZ-026 0.09 67 −11.6 — 1.28×1011 0.4 0.9 98.6 1.2 56.1 42.7 XZ-029 0.10 1262 −12.0 −24.6 5.48×105 0.0 1.1 98.9 — — — XZ-030 0.10 1037 −8.7 −29.0 3.57×105 0.0 1.1 98.9 — — — XZ-033 0.05 634 −11.0 −12.0 1.28×1010 0.0 0.5 99.5 11.7 50.3 37.9 XZ-035 0.02 394 −11.1 −30.1 5.31×1010 0.0 0.1 99.8 2.8 56.7 40.4 XZ-036 0.12 4 −11.0 — 6.54×1011 7.5 0.4 92.0 0.2 59.1 40.7 XZ-042 0.06 126 −9.3 — 8.15×1010 0.2 0.6 99.2 1.9 64.1 34.0 XZ-043 0.18 3 −10.1 — 1.33×1011 9.9 0.9 89.2 1.1 61.7 37.1 XZ-046 0.19 88 −8.5 — 1.40×1010 0.3 2.2 97.5 10.7 60.4 28.9 XZ-049 0.35 21 −8.2 — 7.14×1010 1.5 4.1 94.4 2.1 68.0 29.9 XZ-052 0.03 1305 −7.5 −23.5 2.44×1010 0.0 0.3 99.8 6.2 67.5 26.3 XZ-057 0.03 272 −14.0 −40.6 7.58×1010 0.1 0.2 99.7 2.0 46.6 51.4 XZ-060 0.05 1304 −9.3 −26.3 9.13×109 0.0 0.5 99.5 16.4 53.1 30.5 XZ-063 0.06 687 −12.6 6.67×109 0.0 0.6 99.4 22.5 36.3 41.3 36G 0.07 322 −13.6 −31.4 2.40×106 0.1 0.7 99.2 — — — 95G 0.04 300 −13.9 −46.8 4.20×106 0.1 0.4 99.6 — — — 96G 0.04 460 −12.8 — 2.70×106 0.0 0.4 99.6 — — — 48G 0.07 288 −10.9 — 3.10×109 0.1 0.7 99.1 48.4 22.9 28.7 117G 0.11 141 −9.6 — 7.32×109 0.2 1.2 98.6 20.5 48.9 30.6 159G 0.12 433 −11.3 — 8.32×109 0.0 1.4 98.6 18.0 44.5 37.5 63G 0.05 1101 −9.2 — 2.11×1010 0.0 0.5 99.5 7.1 60.5 32.4 116G 0.02 2119 −1.3 −31.2 1.93×1010 0.0 0.1 99.9 7.8 89.3 2.9 46G 0.16 31 −7.3 — 6.36×1010 1.0 1.8 97.3 2.4 71.2 26.5 53G 0.04 34 −12.4 — 7.46×1010 0.9 0.3 98.8 2.0 52.5 45.4 155G 0.05 76 −11.8 — 1.29×1011 0.4 0.5 99.2 1.2 55.4 43.4 152G 0.17 37 −10.0 — 2.99×1011 0.8 1.9 97.3 0.5 62.6 36.9 155G 0.19 80 −6.0 — 5.89×1010 0.4 2.2 97.4 2.6 75.8 21.6 81G 0.07 8 −9.3 — 3.67×1011 3.8 0.3 95.9 0.4 65.2 34.3 注：“—”表示未测出或无法计算；大气3He/4He=1.39×10−6、4He/20Ne=0.318，地幔3He/4He=1.1×10−5、4He/20Ne= 1000 ，地壳3He/4He=1.5 ×10−8、4He/20Ne=1000 ；δ13C-CO2端部构件的值：地幔端元取值δ13C=(−6.5±2.5)‰，CO2/3He=2×109，碳酸盐端元取值δ13C=(0±1)‰，CO2/3He=1×1013，沉积物端元取值δ13C=(−30±10)‰，CO2/3He=1×1013。
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