Dominant infiltration characteristics of unsaturated fissure soil under different rainfall conditions
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摘要:
文章将膨胀土滑坡中的降雨入渗简化为垂直的斜坡土柱模型，利用Richards方程基本理论，基于离散孔隙-裂隙介质模型，结合短时强降雨、长时弱降雨2种典型降雨工况，以不同裂隙深度为主要变量，从入渗过程、饱和度剖面、入渗率、表面压力、入渗量来探讨裂隙在发育演化过程中的优势流入渗特征。结果表明：（1）裂隙处，降雨在裂隙末端形成暂饱和区，随后向裂隙两侧水平入渗，饱和方式为由下向上饱和；无裂隙处降雨主要沿土柱表面向下垂直入渗，为由上向下饱和。（2）短时强降雨作用下，随着裂隙深度增加，优势流控制着降雨入渗的过程，入渗量和入渗深度与裂隙深度呈正比，入渗深度与裂隙深度基本一致。（3）长时弱降雨作用下，优势流入渗效果减弱，优势流现象产生较慢，降雨沿裂隙入渗速度与在基质孔隙入渗速度基本一致，入渗主要表现为沿土柱表面向下的垂直入渗。
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关键词:
- 优势流入渗 /
- 膨胀土滑坡 /
- 离散孔隙-裂隙介质模型 /
- 数值模拟
Abstract:This paper simplifies the rainfall infiltration in expanding soil landslide into a vertical slope soil column model. Utilizing the basic theory of the Richards equation and based on a discrete pore-fracture medium model, combined with two typical rainfall conditions of short-term heavy rainfall and long-term light rainfall, with different fracture depths as the main variable, the study explores the preferential flow infiltration characteristics during the development and evolution of fractures from the dominant permeability, saturation profile, permeability rate, surface pressure, and permeability in the development of permeability characteristics. The results show that: (1) at the fissure, the rainfall forms a temporary saturation area at the end of the fissure, then horizontally infiltrates to both sides of the fissure, with the saturation mode being bottom-up. at non-fracture sites, rainfall mainly vertically infiltrates along the soil column surface, with the saturation mode being top-down.(2) Under short-term heavy rainfall, with the increase of fissure depth, the dominant flow controls the process of rainfall infiltration. The infiltration amount and infiltration depth are directly proportional to the fissure depth, and the infiltration depth is basically consistent with the fissure depth.(3) Under long-term weak rainfall, the infiltration effect of dominant inflow is weakened, and the phenomenon of dominant flow is slow. The infiltration speed of rainfall along the fissure is basically the same as that of the matrix pore, and the infiltration is mainly manifested as vertical infiltration downward along the surface of the soil column.
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表 1 模拟工况
Table 1. Simulated working conditions
工况 编号 裂隙深度/m 裂隙宽度/mm $ k_{\mathrm{f}} $ /（m·s−1）降雨 短时
强降雨1 无裂隙 — — 120 mm/d，
持续48 h2 0.5 5 0.032 3 1 10 0.131 4 2 20 0.527 长时
弱降雨5 无裂隙 — — 12 mm/d，
持续480 h6 0.5 5 0.032 7 1 10 0.131 8 2 20 0.527 
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表 2 模拟参数
Table 2. Simulation parameters
符号 名称 数值 来源 ks 饱和渗透系数/（m·s−1） 57.87 勘查资料 $ \alpha $ V-G模型本构参数 0.272 经验取值 $ m $ V-G模型本构参数 2.3 经验取值 θs 饱和含水率/% 32.6 室内试验 θr 残余含水率/% 6.4 V-G模型拟合 $ \alpha $ B-C模型本构参数 6.8 经验取值 $ n $ B-C模型本构参数 1 经验取值
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