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摘要:
海洋环境中微生物驱动的甲烷好氧氧化作用是甲烷迁移转化过程的关键环节之一，在降解甲烷方面的贡献不容忽视，能够有效降低甲烷大气通量、影响海洋碳循环。本文系统调研了国内外文献资料，认识到海洋环境中甲烷好氧氧化的赋存范围十分广泛，可赋存于超过3 000 m水深的深海环境、热液喷口等极端环境，其中海底高压、渗漏甲烷的动态运移等是甲烷好氧氧化所面临的特殊环境，在该赋存环境下，好氧甲烷氧化菌主要以I型氧化菌为主。I型与II型氧化菌对甲烷、微量金属元素等环境条件具有一定偏向性，并且在水体和沉积物两种赋存环境下氧化菌的类型也不尽相同。同时，在该赋存环境下甲烷好氧氧化强度存在时间或空间上的差异，受温度、甲烷浓度、氧浓度、微量金属元素等环境因子影响显著，但目前对压力以及甲烷渗漏运移状态对好氧氧化过程的影响规律认识不清。随着深海科研探索不断发展，甲烷氧化菌菌群多样性研究将更加丰富。此外，还需进一步针对海底高压渗漏状态下的好氧氧化过程开展精细研究工作，进一步理解海洋环境中甲烷的好氧氧化规律，这对深刻揭示甲烷迁移转化机制、科学评估甲烷生态环境效应具有重要意义。
Abstract:The aerobic oxidation of methane driven by methanotrophs is a key process for methane migration and transformation in marine environment. Its contribution to the degradation of methane should not be ignored because it may effectively reduce methane flux to the atmosphere and affect the carbon cycle in the sea. In this paper, a large number of domestic and foreign literatures are systematically investigated, from which it is found that the aerobic oxidation of methane occurs widely in marine environment. It may even occur in some extreme environments with very high pressure and dynamic migration of methane seepage, such as the deep sea and hydrothermal vents at depths of more than 3 000 m. In these environments, methanotrophs are mainly predominated by the type I of oxidizing bacteria. Meanwhile, the type I and type II of oxidizing bacteria have a certain bias to environmental conditions such as methane and trace metal elements, and the types of oxidizing bacteria are also different in water and sediment. At the same time, temporal and spatial differences occur in the aerobic oxidation intensity of methane, which is significantly affected by such environmental factors as temperature, methane concentration, oxygen concentration and trace metal elements. However, the influence of pressure and methane seepage on aerobic oxidation is not so clear up to date. Further research and exploration are required so as to enrich the knowledge on diversity of methane-oxidizing bacteria and improve the understanding of their physiological and ecological characteristics. In addition, it is a need to carry out detailed research on the aerobic oxidation process under the condition of submarine high-pressure leakage, in order to better understand the oxidation process of the environment. It would be of great significance to the revealing of the mechanism of methane migration and transformation and evaluation of its ecological and environmental effects.
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表 1 由野外监测及室内培养方式获取的海洋甲烷好氧氧化速率数据统计
Table 1. Statistics of marine aerobic methane oxidation rates obtained by field investigation and laboratory culture experiment
位置 水深/m CH4浓度/nM 好氧氧化速率/(nM/d) 文献来源 野外监测数据 正常海水背景 − 0.5～5 0.0001～0.1 [49, 57] Håkon Mosby泥火山 1250 ＞104 22×103～36×103 [58] 墨西哥湾GC185 50～530 2.4～274 0.0028～0.7 [47] REGAB麻坑 3160 200～3 600 6×103～289×103 [9] Amon泥火山 1120 2×106 13×103～30×103 [27] 墨西哥湾Macondo油井 0～2 000 0～1.8×105 0.014～5 900 [49] 斯瓦尔巴特大陆边缘 0～380 9～100 ＜3.2 [59] 北海北部某井喷 98 5～42 097 0.03～498 [32] 哈德逊峡谷 350～532 5.72～96.6 22.8±17 [11] 实验测试数据 墨西哥湾Macondo油井 ～1 000 570～18 300 0～820 [60] 圣芭芭拉盆地 530～2 600 4～242 0.6～491 [57] 圣芭芭拉海峡煤油富集区 5～70 ＜1 900 0.01～100 [61] 斯图尔峡湾 0～160 20～72.3 ＜2.3 [62] 北海 − 300 20 [52] 
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