Three-dimensional seismic characterization and sedimentary evolution of the Oligocene dendritic submarine canyons offshore eastern New Zealand
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摘要:
前人对海底峡谷进行的研究大多集中于大中型海底峡谷，对于峡谷头部小型分支峡谷关注较少。本文基于高分辨率三维地震数据，研究新西兰南岛东部陆坡邦蒂海底峡谷头部渐新世埋藏分支峡谷的地震地层特征及沉积演化。通过地震层序分析，在渐新统地层内识别出7个地震层序界面，据此将渐新统划分为6个地震层序。以层序为单位，开展地震沉积单元分析，识别出冲坑列、U型谷及开放陆坡三种沉积单元。冲坑列由多个冲坑呈串珠状顺坡排列，解释为超临界浊流成因底形，其形成经历了从侵蚀型周期阶坎到部分沉积型周期阶坎的演化，解释为断续型分支峡谷，代表了分支峡谷的早期形态。U型谷平面上表现为平直的顺坡分布的线状凹槽，内部被浊流–半远洋交互沉积及少量碎屑流沉积充填，解释为平直型分支峡谷。开放陆坡位于冲坑列和U型谷之间及以外区域，以近平行反射为特征，内部发育多边形断层，解释为细粒半远洋沉积。断续型分支峡谷呈幕式发育，随时间推移冲坑数逐期减少并被细粒沉积充填；平直型分支峡谷上游表现出一定幅度的侧向迁移，下游则以垂向加积为主。海平面变化、沉积物供给及陆坡坡度对峡谷演化具有重要影响。
Abstract:Previous studies have focused largely on medium-to-large sized submarine canyons, with relatively little attention paid to small dendritic ones developed at canyon heads. We used high-resolution 3D seismic data to investigate the seismic stratigraphic characteristics and sedimentary evolution of the Oligocene buried dendritic tributary canyons located at the head of the Bounty Submarine Canyon System on the eastern continental slope offshore South Island, New Zealand. Through seismic sequence analysis, six seismic sequences separated by seven seismic horizons with reflection terminations were identified within the Oligocene strata. By seismic depositional element analysis, three depositional elements were identified, which are scour train, U-shaped valley, and open slope, respectively. The scour train, composed of multiple scours linearly arranged downslope, was identified as a train of supercritical turbidity-current bedforms. Within each sequence, the scours were vertically evolved from erosional to partially depositional cyclic steps. The train of scours comprises a discontinuous tributary canyon, possibly representing an early stage of dendritic canyons. The U-shaped valley appears as a downslope-extending straight depressions in plan view, filled with alternating turbidites and hemipelagites and minor debris-flow deposits, and was interpreted as a straight tributary canyon. Subparallel reflections with polygonal faults in the open slope environment were interpreted as fine-grained hemipelagic sediments. The development of the discontinuous tributary canyons is episodic. The scours gradually decreased in quantity and were filled by fine-grained sediments over time. The straight tributary canyon showed lateral migration in the upstream and aggradation in the downstream. The evolution of both tributary canyons was controlled by factors including sea-level change, sediment supply, and slope gradient.
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