Discovery and geological significance of the Late Carboniferous volcanic edifices in Baishan of Southern Beishan area, Xinjiang
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摘要:
对北山地区晚古生代裂谷带何时开始裂解的相关研究一直较薄弱。文章通过1∶5万区域地质调查，在新疆北山造山带南部新鉴别出保存完好的晚石炭世火山机构，岩石组合类型包括安山岩、英安岩、玄武岩、流纹岩及火山碎屑岩，锆石U-Pb年龄为313～300 Ma。火山岩具有相对较高的Na2O含量和Mg#值，相对较低的CaO和TiO2含量，属于钙碱性系列岩石。稀土元素配分模式呈明显的右倾式，具有弱的负铕异常（δ Eu=0.72～1.00），富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Th、K和LREE，亏损Nb、Ta、P和Ti。根据岩石的地球化学特征和（Th/Nb）N、（Nb/La）N等关键指数，发现岩浆在上侵喷发过程中可能受到强烈的地壳混染作用。碎屑岩的沉积序列显示其应形成于陆内环境，结合Zr/Nb-Nb/Th图解及Zr/Y-Nb/Y图解，认为基性火山岩源区可能形成于与地幔柱有关的构造地质背景。根据Zr/Y-Zr图解和Th/Hf-Ta/Hf图解，结合区域地质资料，认为该套火山岩系应形成于大陆裂谷初始裂解的环境，这是目前报道的该裂谷带最早的年龄信息，指示晚石炭世北山南部地区已开始处于陆内初始裂谷的环境。
Abstract:There are lesser research on when the Late Paleozoic rift belt of the Beishan area began to rift. A complete volcanic edifice is identified in the southern Beishan rift belt through 1∶
50 000 regional geological survey. The rock association is composed of andesite, dacite, basalt, rhyolite and pyroclastic rocks with the zircon U-Pb age ranging between 313～300 Ma.The volcanic rocks are characterized with high NaO2 and Mg#, low CaO and TiO2, belonging to calc-alkaline series. The REE pattern is distributed in obvious right-tendency with little depletion of Eu (δEu=0.72～1.00), enriched in large ion lithophile elements Rb, Th, K and LREE, and depleted in Nb, Ta, P and Ti. Based on the geochemical characteristics of rocks and key indices such as (Th/Nb)N and (Nb/La)N, it indicates that the volcanic rocks were intensely mixed with crust materials during the magma eruption. The sedimentary sequence in clastic rocks infers that it should be formed in an intra-continental environment. Diagrams of Zr/Nb-Nb/Th and Zr/Y-Nb/Y show that the basic volcanic rocks may derived from the tectonic environment associated with mantle plumes. Based on the diagram of Zr/Y-Zr and Th/Hf-Ta/Hf, in combination with the regional geological characteristics, the authors consider that the volcanic rocks might occur in the initial cracking environment of continental rift. This is the earliest age-information of the rift zone reported so far, which indicates that the southern Beishan area has initially entered in the intracontinental initial rift environment in the Late Carboniferous.-
Key words:
- zircon U-Pb age /
- Late Carboniferous /
- volcanic rocks /
- geochemistry /
- rift zone /
- Baishan area in Xinjiang
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图 7 白山地区火山岩Nb/Y-Zr/TiO2×0.000 1图解（a）（据Pearce, 1996）及FeOT/MgO-SiO2图解（b）（据Miyashiro, 1975）
Figure 7.
图 8 白山地区火山岩球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分曲线图（a）和原始地幔标准化微量元素蛛网图（b）（球粒陨石和原始地幔标准化值据Sun and McDonough, 1989）
Figure 8.
图 10 白山地区火山岩Zr/Y-Zr 图解（a）（据Pearce and Norry, 1979）及Th/Hf-Ta/Hf 图解（b）（据汪云亮等，2001）
Figure 10.
图 11 白山地区火山岩与北山晚石炭世火山岩Zr/Nb-Nb/Th图解（a）及Zr/Y-Nb/Y图解（b）（Condie, 2005）
Figure 11.
表 1 杏仁状玄武岩（PM10-50-1TW）LA-ICP-MS U-Pb锆石年龄分析结果
Table 1. LA-ICP-MS zircon age of the almond-shaped basalt （PM10-50-1TW）
测点编号 207Pb/206Pb 206Pb/238U 207Pb/235U 208Pb/232Th 207Pb/206Pb 206Pb/238U 207Pb/235U 208Pb/232Th Pb/10-6 232Th/10-6 238U/10-6 Th/U 比值 1σ 比值 1σ 比值 1σ 比值 1σ 年龄/Ma 1σ 年龄/Ma 1σ 年龄/Ma 1σ 年龄/Ma 1σ PM10-50-1-2 0.098 43 0.006 53 0.266 76 0.006 65 3.617 88 0.233 82 0.086 71 0.004 25 1 594.5 118.98 1524.4 33.85 1553.5 51.41 1680.7 79.04 425.24 90.77 128.83 0.70 PM10-50-1-3 0.059 11 0.010 71 0.049 05 0.001 68 0.399 52 0.071 35 0.015 94 0.001 18 571.20 351.87 308.70 10.29 341.3 51.76 319.7 23.54 95.46 104.58 191.34 0.55 PM10-50-1-4 0.052 87 0.002 25 0.050 12 0.000 72 0.365 18 0.015 39 0.018 07 0.000 46 323.40 93.90 315.30 4.40 316.1 11.45 361.9 9.13 87.52 274.23 618.20 0.44 PM10-50-1-5 0.053 20 0.003 60 0.050 11 0.000 86 0.367 31 0.024 53 0.016 63 0.000 42 337.30 145.92 315.20 5.30 317.7 18.22 333.4 8.27 82.41 304.79 282.71 1.08 PM10-50-1-6 0.057 61 0.003 29 0.069 39 0.001 18 0.550 84 0.030 91 0.024 52 0.000 72 514.70 121.07 432.50 7.10 445.5 20.24 489.6 14.15 120.49 187.15 289.20 0.65 PM10-50-1-7 0.061 55 0.002 75 0.068 39 0.001 04 0.579 95 0.025 53 0.021 82 0.000 49 658.30 93.13 426.50 6.28 464.4 16.41 436.3 9.69 105.45 360.33 397.23 0.91 PM10-50-1-8 0.057 59 0.002 42 0.050 42 0.000 74 0.400 10 0.016 54 0.017 80 0.000 44 514.00 89.89 317.10 4.51 341.7 12.00 356.5 8.65 86.21 298.39 543.05 0.55 PM10-50-1-10 0.053 55 0.015 63 0.048 81 0.002 15 0.360 13 0.104 06 0.013 81 0.001 77 352.20 551.90 307.20 13.19 312.3 77.69 277.2 35.38 98.52 223.04 266.21 0.84 PM10-50-1-13 0.058 81 0.003 84 0.069 52 0.001 32 0.563 25 0.035 96 0.022 41 0.000 69 559.90 136.23 433.30 7.99 453.6 23.36 447.9 13.59 111.74 378.62 426.78 0.89 PM10-50-1-14 0.052 28 0.010 89 0.049 46 0.002 26 0.356 25 0.072 65 0.013 53 0.001 40 297.80 416.10 311.20 13.85 309.4 54.39 271.7 27.87 87.76 146.35 208.92 0.70 PM10-50-1-15 0.047 79 0.006 33 0.048 75 0.001 12 0.320 97 0.042 10 0.015 20 0.000 83 88.10 287.96 306.80 6.86 282.6 32.36 304.8 16.51 83.81 83.48 143.36 0.58 PM10-50-1-16 0.062 87 0.009 49 0.069 33 0.002 20 0.600 50 0.089 08 0.022 01 0.002 42 703.90 292.10 432.10 13.23 477.6 56.52 440.1 47.79 135.93 31.24 69.19 0.45 PM10-50-1-17 0.058 14 0.004 85 0.049 55 0.001 02 0.396 85 0.032 50 0.017 49 0.000 83 534.40 173.30 311.70 6.27 339.4 23.62 350.5 16.57 91.84 110.32 227.91 0.48 PM10-50-1-18 0.055 18 0.006 08 0.048 84 0.001 29 0.371 28 0.040 08 0.012 09 0.000 71 419.30 229.10 307.40 7.91 320.6 29.68 242.9 14.13 68.24 195.74 250.14 0.78 PM10-50-1-20 0.050 17 0.003 18 0.049 27 0.000 82 0.340 55 0.021 27 0.018 76 0.000 53 203.00 140.75 310.00 5.06 297.6 16.11 375.7 10.49 92.41 315.50 499.19 0.63 PM10-50-1-21 0.069 24 0.001 73 0.157 30 0.002 01 1.500 32 0.037 31 0.053 05 0.001 52 905.80 50.53 941.70 11.17 930.5 15.15 1044.8 29.18 249.84 60.96 355.37 0.17 PM10-50-1-23 0.052 12 0.018 79 0.049 08 0.002 43 0.352 43 0.126 01 0.012 09 0.003 89 290.80 664.13 308.90 14.95 306.5 94.6 242.8 77.64 117.14 164.89 387.10 0.43 
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表 2 流纹岩（PM10-58-1TW）LA-ICP-MS U-Pb锆石年龄分析结果
Table 2. LA-ICP-MS zircon age of the rhyolite （PM10-58-1TW）
测点编号 207Pb/206Pb 206Pb/238U 207Pb/235U 208Pb/232Th 207Pb/206Pb 206Pb/238U 207Pb/235U 208Pb/232Th Pb/10-6 232Th/10-6 238U/10-6 Th/U 比值 1σ 比值 1σ 比值 1σ 比值 1σ 年龄/Ma 1σ 年龄/Ma 1σ 年龄/Ma 1σ 年龄/Ma 1σ PM10-58-1-1 0.057 59 0.001 76 0.079 07 0.001 08 0.625 97 0.019 13 0.026 79 0.000 53 513.9 66.08 490.6 6.45 493.6 11.95 534.3 10.35 55.19 402.81 616.62 0.65 PM10-58-1-2 0.055 44 0.003 64 0.047 65 0.000 85 0.363 11 0.023 51 0.017 09 0.000 41 429.6 140.42 300.1 5.24 314.5 17.51 342.4 8.21 21.39 441.52 333.16 1.33 PM10-58-1-3 0.061 17 0.002 53 0.079 02 0.001 19 0.664 49 0.027 23 0.024 45 0.002 09 645.3 86.61 490.2 7.12 517.4 16.61 488.2 41.27 30.13 32.90 390.45 0.08 PM10-58-1-4 0.050 91 0.018 07 0.047 62 0.002 57 0.333 26 0.117 11 0.015 32 0.003 98 236.6 661.51 299.9 15.84 292.1 89.19 307.3 79.18 3.17 22.83 63.58 0.36 PM10-58-1-6 0.059 03 0.003 00 0.079 05 0.001 28 0.641 65 0.032 20 0.026 99 0.000 56 568.2 107.07 490.5 7.64 503.3 19.92 538.4 10.98 29.64 391.12 270.77 1.44 PM10-58-1-9 0.058 31 0.006 82 0.047 75 0.001 38 0.383 09 0.043 83 0.018 27 0.001 25 540.9 237.92 300.7 8.47 329.3 32.18 366.0 24.78 18.69 153.36 348.42 0.44 PM10-58-1-11 0.060 82 0.002 39 0.091 80 0.001 35 0.768 22 0.029 80 0.030 89 0.000 78 632.9 82.38 566.2 7.97 578.7 17.11 614.9 15.22 39.55 192.02 380.07 0.51 PM10-58-1-14 0.055 18 0.002 84 0.047 66 0.000 76 0.362 05 0.018 35 0.016 29 0.000 38 419.5 110.72 300.2 4.65 313.7 13.68 326.6 7.52 35.25 518.61 585.17 0.89 PM10-58-1-15 0.058 26 0.011 77 0.047 58 0.002 02 0.381 59 0.075 65 0.010 80 0.001 57 539.1 390.29 299.6 12.43 328.2 55.6 217.1 31.47 4.72 46.85 90.32 0.52 PM10-58-1-16 0.049 24 0.007 11 0.047 72 0.001 22 0.323 44 0.046 20 0.021 50 0.001 14 159.1 306.23 300.5 7.52 284.5 35.45 429.9 22.5 6.31 57.17 110.10 0.52 PM10-58-1-17 0.052 76 0.003 62 0.047 75 0.000 81 0.346 92 0.023 52 0.018 02 0.000 56 318.6 148.26 300.7 5.01 302.4 17.73 361.0 11.21 15.58 154.90 274.35 0.56 PM10-58-1-19 0.054 36 0.004 64 0.047 71 0.001 03 0.357 25 0.029 88 0.018 23 0.000 73 385.7 181.11 300.5 6.32 310.2 22.35 365.1 14.54 19.75 200.73 339.23 0.59 PM10-58-1-22 0.059 20 0.003 23 0.065 18 0.001 05 0.531 69 0.028 56 0.022 51 0.000 90 574.6 114.50 407.0 6.37 432.9 18.93 450.0 17.74 17.47 67.92 241.51 0.28 PM10-58-1-23 0.069 73 0.001 77 0.144 85 0.001 85 1.391 76 0.035 11 0.045 27 0.001 60 920.3 51.26 872.0 10.45 885.4 14.91 894.9 30.90 62.54 44.81 406.74 0.11 PM10-58-1-24 0.053 01 0.002 96 0.047 66 0.000 75 0.348 13 0.019 17 0.014 56 0.000 59 329.0 121.76 300.1 4.63 303.3 14.44 292.2 11.83 20.43 120.91 386.68 0.31
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表 3 白山地区火山岩主量元素、稀土元素及微量元素分析结果
Table 3. Major elements, rare earth elements and trace elements of volcanic rocks distributed in Baishan area
项目 样品编号及岩性 PM10-5-1 PM10-5-2 PM10-5-3 PM10-11-1 PM10-11-2 PM10-21-1 PM10-21-2 PM10-21-3 PM10-50-1 PM10-50-2 PM10-50-3 辉绿玢岩 玄武岩 SiO2 55.25 55.45 56.47 58.51 62.25 56.49 59.42 61.77 52.33 51.95 50.81 TiO2 1.09 1.11 1.10 1.03 0.99 0.94 0.95 0.92 1.25 1.28 1.35 Al2O3 14.77 15.18 14.81 14.37 13.15 16.56 15.37 15.22 15.69 15.85 16.22 Fe2O3 2.54 2.21 2.25 5.08 3.33 2.74 2.31 1.96 5.22 7.83 4.36 FeO 5.14 5.33 5.26 2.16 3.30 3.58 4.09 3.92 3.55 0.96 4.18 MnO 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.096 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.14 0.13 0.14 MgO 5.47 5.21 5.23 4.24 4.13 3.82 4.49 4.04 6.90 5.89 7.43 CaO 7.05 6.54 5.63 5.00 4.45 7.04 3.74 3.61 6.20 7.63 6.78 Na2O 3.90 3.99 4.28 3.64 3.37 3.97 4.07 3.03 4.68 4.58 4.67 K2O 0.90 1.11 1.18 2.38 1.41 0.56 1.70 2.02 0.43 1.21 0.31 P2O5 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.32 0.29 0.27 0.28 0.27 0.19 0.18 0.19 LOI 3.51 3.46 3.37 3.02 3.08 3.76 3.33 2.97 3.26 2.35 3.40 Total 99.87 99.83 99.83 99.85 99.85 99.84 99.86 99.85 99.84 99.84 99.84 Mg# 56.77 55.93 56.14 52.89 53.90 52.97 56.47 55.89 59.86 56.74 62.04 Cr 178 171 168 161 152 104 103 103 239 255 264 Ni 73.4 58.8 60.9 57.5 53.6 50.2 50.8 50.9 73.5 74.7 76.0 Co 30.8 29.9 30.2 24.7 24.1 20.0 21.5 20.0 35.9 36.3 35.9 Rb 37.8 41.5 54.0 76.0 51.8 24.3 47.8 49.8 16.8 45.9 16.8 Sr 152 164 202 189 208 196 230 363 340 251 356 Ba 108 138 159 255 201 43.6 217 221 97.7 289 55.2 V 196 198 196 157 142 162 129 132 228 170 297 Nb 7.03 7.33 7.65 8.87 8.46 7.65 7.70 7.80 4.40 4.09 4.49 Ta 0.51 0.52 0.55 0.65 0.60 0.56 0.54 0.58 0.32 0.31 0.33 Zr 137 146 149 200 192 191 188 188 113 110 116 Hf 3.96 4.05 4.21 4.56 4.33 4.52 4.48 4.49 2.89 2.84 2.96 Ga 18.5 17.9 17.8 13.8 12.4 15.7 14.3 15.9 15.4 14.2 14.0 U 0.82 0.77 0.82 0.91 0.81 0.89 0.75 0.80 0.50 0.32 0.84 Th 7.25 6.51 7.55 4.89 4.52 4.30 4.23 4.50 1.88 1.53 1.89 La 16.0 14.7 19.5 17.8 17.8 16.1 16.5 16.0 8.03 6.82 8.1 Ce 35.0 32.7 40.2 39.6 38.9 37.1 37.7 36.3 19.1 16.4 19.0 Pr 4.54 4.10 5.03 5.25 5.06 5.02 4.90 4.74 2.68 2.43 2.72 Nd 19.9 17.5 21.6 22.6 21.9 22.3 21.0 20.0 12.6 11.6 13.0 Sm 4.94 4.36 5.16 5.26 5.00 5.12 4.94 4.79 3.63 3.48 3.79 Eu 1.23 1.24 1.35 1.35 1.31 1.32 1.25 1.30 1.19 1.23 1.23 Gd 5.44 4.89 5.49 5.28 4.90 5.10 4.97 4.91 4.23 4.08 4.36 Tb 0.91 0.80 0.86 0.84 0.77 0.82 0.81 0.78 0.69 0.65 0.73 Dy 5.56 4.87 5.21 4.79 4.46 4.74 4.67 4.53 4.29 4.22 4.48 Ho 1.13 1.00 1.05 0.94 0.87 0.92 0.94 0.91 0.85 0.84 0.92 Er 3.08 2.77 2.95 2.63 2.38 2.49 2.59 2.55 2.32 2.29 2.56 Tm 0.46 0.41 0.45 0.39 0.36 0.38 0.39 0.38 0.34 0.34 0.37 Yb 2.96 2.69 2.93 2.50 2.33 2.48 2.48 2.52 2.24 2.19 2.38 Lu 0.45 0.41 0.43 0.38 0.34 0.38 0.37 0.37 0.33 0.32 0.35 Y 35.2 28.1 30.8 27.2 25.4 27.2 26.5 25.5 24.2 23.4 25.2 （La/Yb）N 3.65 3.69 4.50 4.81 5.16 4.39 4.50 4.29 2.42 2.10 2.30 （Th/Nb）N 8.65 7.45 8.28 4.62 4.48 4.71 4.61 4.84 3.58 3.14 3.53 （Nb/La）N 0.42 0.48 0.38 0.48 0.46 0.46 0.45 0.47 0.53 0.58 0.53 δEu 0.72 0.82 0.77 0.78 0.80 0.78 0.76 0.81 0.93 1.00 0.92 注：主量元素含量单位为%，微量元素和稀土元素含量单位为10−6， $ \delta Eu=\dfrac{{Eu}_{N}}{0.5（{Sm}_{N}＋{Gd}_{N}）} $
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