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摘要:
X 射线计算机断层成像（X-ray computed tomography，X-CT）技术以其无损、高效、高分辨率和多尺度三维成像等独特优势，在地质学研究中扮演着重要的角色。当前， X-CT 技术在地质学研究领域应用的相关综述文献仍较为匮乏，且已有的综述文章在内容关联性和系统性方面尚存在改进空间，未能充分反映 X-CT 技术的日益发展及其在地质学研究中应用领域不断扩展的事实。为此，文章较全面地回顾并总结了国内外 X-CT 技术在地质学研究中的应用现状。首先，从内容连贯性和体系性的角度出发，对 X-CT 技术的发展史、基本原理、优劣势等做了基本的回顾；其次，从地球演化的宏观视角切入，聚焦于地球的形成、地球内部深处物质（如熔体、岩浆）和浅部物质（与风化、沉积、变质变形等过程相关的地质材料）的结构及其变化，详细探讨了 X-CT 技术在地质学各分支学科中的应用实例和最新进展；最后，对全文做出归纳，并对 X-CT 技术未来的发展趋势进行了预测。总体而言，随着 X-CT 技术在地质学研究中的深度应用，地质学家对于地球的起源、物质构成及演化历程等核心议题的认识正日益深化，这将有力推动地球科学研究的整体进步。
Abstract:X-ray computed tomography (X-CT) technology stands out for its non-destructive, rapid, high-resolution, and multi-scale three-dimensional imaging capabilities, playing an important role in geological research. Presently, there is a scarcity of comprehensive review literature on the application of X-CT technology in geology, and existing review articles often lack adequate consideration for content relevance and systematic arrangement, failing to fully reflect the growing development of X-CT technology and its expanding scope of application in geological studies. To address this gap, this article provides an overview of the current status of X-CT technology utilization in geological research both domestically and internationally. To better ensure coherence and systematics of the content, the article begins by revisiting the historical development, fundamental principles, advantages, and disadvantages of X-CT technology. Subsequently, starting from various levels of evolution of the Earth, including the formation of the Earth, the structure and changes of deep-seated materials (such as melts and magma), and the structure and alterations of shallow Earth materials (involving to processes like weathering, sedimentation, metamorphism and deformation), the paper discusses the status of X-CT technology applications in geology. Finally, the paper concludes with a summary and an outlook on the future development of X-CT technology. Overall, as X-CT technology becomes increasingly involved, geologists will have multi-level understanding on the origin, composition, and evolutionary processes of the Earth, which contributing to the advancement of the entire field of Earth sciences.
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图 1 地质学研究领域使用的先进的Phoenix V|tome|x s CT 扫描仪（a）及其扫描原理示意图（b）（ Liu et al., 2024）
Figure 1.
图 2 Allende 陨石的 X 射线相位衬度显微断层成像（SRX-PC-μCT）体渲染视图（a）及其二维 CT 视图（b）（Takeuchi et al., 2013）
Figure 2.
图 4 基于 X-CT 技术获取的安布里姆岛火山浮岩体渲染图（a）（Baker et al., 2012）和云南腾冲黑空山玄武质熔岩流岩石的体渲染图（b）（郭正府等, 2011）
Figure 4.
图 5 冻融循环实验中基于 X-CT 扫描重建的砂岩岩芯的表面结构图（a）和孔隙分布图（b）（ Fan et al., 2022）
Figure 5.
图 6 基于 X-CT 扫描构建的含气储层致密砂岩的体渲染图（a）及其孔喉网络三维分布图（b）（Zhang et al., 2019）
Figure 6.
图 8 X-CT 技术监测的岩石圈拉伸-裂解模拟实验过程（Zwaan and Schreurs, 2023）
Figure 8.
图 9 矿石岩芯的二维 X-CT 图像（a）及 CT 提取的硫化物矿石颗粒分布图（b）（图中两红圈指示的是同一个矿石颗粒，引自Lois-Morales et al., 2022）
Figure 9.
表 1 X-CT 扫描仪的谱系发展历史
Table 1. The evolutionary history of X-ray CT scanner
项目 第一代 第二代 第三代 螺旋 CT 双能 CT 多能 CT 时间 1971年 1974年 1975年 1989年 2006年 2016年 光源-探测器运动模式 同步平移-旋转 同步平移-旋转 同步旋转-旋转 同步旋转-旋转 同步旋转-旋转 同步旋转-旋转 单张扫
描时间约5 min 20 s～2 min 1.9～5 s ＜1 s ＜1 s ＜1 s 特点 分辨率低、扫描时间长 扫描范围扩大、速度和分辨率均提高 扫描范围、速度和分辨率均进一步优化 允许连续无层隔扫描，结构更
简单，软件功
能更多配置两套 X 光能谱，可识别物质成分 配置多套 X 光能谱，分辨率提高 
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表 2 X-CT 技术的多尺度成像类型（Ketcham and Carlson, 2001）
Table 2. Types of multi-scale imaging of X-CT technology (Ketcham and Carlson, 2001)
X-CT 种类 待测样
品大小成像分辨
率/μm常规 CT（conventional CT） 米级 1 000 高分辨率 CT（high-resolution CT） 分米级 100 超高分辨率 CT（ultra-high-resolution CT） 厘米级 10 显微 CT（microtomography，或μCT） 毫米级 1
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表 3 地质学研究中常见的三维显微结构成像技术对比
Table 3. Comparison of common 3D microscopic imaging techniques for geological materials
成像技术 样品尺寸 空间分辨率 时间分辨率 损伤情况 测试成本 测试效率 SS 毫米 毫米至微米 分或小时 有损 低 低 FIB-SEM 微米 纳米 分 有损 中 中 MRI 毫米 微米 分或小时 无损 高 中 EBSD 微米 纳米 秒 有损 高 中 X-CT 米至微米 微米至纳米 秒 无损 中 高
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