Spatial distribution and potential risk assessment of thallium in surface soils from urban area of Nanchang City
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摘要:
铊元素是一种毒性极强却鲜受关注的污染物质，对环境与健康具有潜在威胁。文章以南昌市城区表层土壤为研究对象，系统分析了铊元素的含量状况以及分布特征，并采用单因子指数法、潜在生态风险指数法和健康风险评估法等方法对其进行风险评估。结果表明：①南昌市城区表层土壤的铊元素含量为0.11～0.92 mg/kg，平均含量为0.62 mg/kg，低于江西省土壤背景值，但高于中国表层土壤铊元素的平均含量；②赣江东岸地区（老城区）表层土壤的铊元素平均含量略高于西岸地区，赣江沿岸地区土壤的铊元素含量相对较高，且具有向东西两侧呈轻微下降的趋势；③单因子指数法、潜在生态风险法和健康风险评估法显示，南昌市土壤中铊元素污染风险和健康风险较低，但红谷滩区、东湖区等地区的个别点位存在一定的健康风险，应加强对相关地区的铊污染监测工作。
Abstract:As a kind of highly toxic pollutant substance, thallium has received little attention. This study used the single factor index, potential ecological risk method, and health risk assessment to conduct a thorough risk evaluation and examine the distribution and content of thallium (Tl) in the surface soil of Nanchang’s inner city area. The results show that: ①The average Tl concentration in Nanchang City’s surface soil is 0.62 mg/kg, with a range of 0.11 to 0.92 mg/kg. This is greater than the average Tl level in China’s surface soil but lower than the background value of Jiangxi Province’s soil; ②The old town region on the eastern bank of the Gan River has somewhat higher Tl concentration than those in the western bank’s surface soil, and soils closer to the Gan River exhibit significantly higher Tl concentration, which gradually decreases toward the east and the west; ③According to the risk assessment techniques adopted, there are typically few health and pollution problems associated with thallium in Nanchang’s soil. However, places like Donghu District and Honggutan District have been linked to specific health hazards. As a result, it is imperative to improve the thallium pollution monitoring in these risky regions.
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Key words:
- Nanchang City /
- surface soil /
- thallium /
- potential ecological risks /
- health risk assessment
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表 1 土壤单元素Cf和Er等级划分（Hakanson, 1980; 何茂粉和张成丽, 2019）
Table 1. Grading of single element Cf and Er in soil（Hakanson, 1980; He and Zhang, 2019）
评价范围 污染程度 评价范围 风险程度 Cf＜1 没有污染 Er＜40 轻微生态风险 1≤Cf＜3 轻度污染 40≤Er＜80 中等生态风险 3≤Cf＜6 较高污染 80≤Er＜120 较高生态风险 Cf≥6 高污染 120≤Er＜320 高生态风险 − − Er≥320 极高生态风险 
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表 2 非致癌风险健康评价暴露参数（US EPA, 2002）
Table 2. Exposure parameters for assessing non-carcinogenic health risk（US EPA, 2002）
参数 单位 含义 取值（成人） 取值（儿童） $ \mathrm{\mathit{C}}_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{l}} $ mg/kg 土壤中元素的实测含量 — — $ \mathrm{I}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{g}\mathrm{R} $ mg/d 土壤摄入率 100 200 EFing=EFinh=EFderm d/a 暴露频率 350 350 EDing=EDinh=EDderm a 暴露持续时间 24 6 BW kg 平均体重 60 15 AT h 平均暴露时间 365×24 365×24 CF kg/mg 转换系数 1×10-6 1×10-6 InhR m3/d 呼吸速率 20 7.6 PEF m3/kg 颗粒物排放因子 1.36×109 1.36×109 SA cm2 皮肤暴露面积 5700 200 AF mg/cm2 皮肤黏着度 0.07 0.2 ABS 无量纲 皮肤吸收因子 0.001 0.001 RfDing mg/(kg/d) 污染元素的参考剂量 8.00×10-5 8.00×10-5 RfDinh mg/(kg/d) 污染元素的参考剂量 8.00×10-5 8.00×10-5 RfDderm mg/(kg/d) 污染元素的参考剂量 8.00×10-5 8.00×10-5
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表 3 南昌市城区表层土壤铊元素含量统计结果
Table 3. Statistics of thallium content of surface soils in Nanchang City
地区 样品数/个 最小值 最大值 平均值 标准差 变异系数 超过背景值样品个数（比例） 整个研究区 100 0.11 0.92 0.62 0.21 0.19 18(18%) 研究区东部（赣江东岸） 45 0.36 0.92 0.65 0.10 0.15 10(22%) 研究区西部（赣江西岸） 55 0.11 0.86 0.59 0.13 0.22 8(14%) 青云谱区 6 0.36 0.92 0.63 0.19 0.30 1(16%) 新建区 33 0.11 0.76 0.53 0.11 0.20 1 (3%) 西湖区 13 0.50 0.74 0.63 0.06 0.10 1(7%) 东湖区 9 0.54 0.81 0.65 0.09 0.13 2(22%) 红谷滩区 22 0.50 0.86 0.66 0.11 0.17 7(31%) 青山湖区 17 0.43 0.84 0.65 0.09 0.14 6(35%) 备注：含量单位为mg/kg。
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表 4 南昌市表层土壤中铊元素成人/儿童ADD与HQ统计数据（平均值）
Table 4. Statistics（average value）of adult/child ADD and HQ of thallium of surface soils from Nanchang City
成人口 成人呼吸 成人皮肤 儿童口 儿童呼吸 儿童皮肤 ADD 4.71×10−6 7.30×10−10 3.96×10−9 7.94×10−6 5.84×10−9 2.22×10−8 HQ 1.22×10−2 9.12×10−6 4.95×10−5 9.92×10−2 7.30×10−5 2.78×10−4
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