Research and development progresses of mineral resource geophysical exploration technology funded by European Union and its implications for China
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摘要:
2014年以来，欧盟在“地平线2020”(Horizon 2020)计划和欧洲创新与技术研究院(The European Institute of Innovation and Technology，EIT)支持下，先后资助了9个地球物理勘探技术研发项目，对我国矿产资源地球物理勘探技术的研发具有参考意义。通过系统整理相关项目，发现“地平线2020”计划和欧洲创新与技术研究院原材料部门的主要研发方向为穿透深度大、分辨率和精度更高、绿色环保、具有经济性的地球物理技术，具体包括地震、航空磁测、航空电磁、航空高光谱和钻探等。其研发历程给我国地球物理勘探技术的发展带来以下4点启示: ①被动源地震和电动震源是更加绿色环保的技术，压电地震仪可作为勘探隐伏石英矿床的有效手段; ②无人机航空地球物理勘探系统是重要的研发方向; ③随钻测井可能成为固体矿产勘探领域的重点研发方向之一; ④利用新型央地企关系有望推动相关技术的商业化应用和创新。研究在查明欧盟地球物理勘探技术最新研发方向的同时，对我国的相关技术领域研发和项目部署等具有启示意义。
Abstract:Since 2014, the European Union (EU) has funded nine geophysical exploration technology research and development (R&D) projects under the support from Horizon 2020 and European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT), which has significant reference value for China's mineral resource geophysical exploration technology development. A systematic review of these projects reveals that the main R&D direction of Horizon 2020 and EIT is geophysical technologies with greater penetration depth, higher resolution and accuracy, environmental friendliness, and cost-effectiveness, including seism, airborne magnetic surveys, airborne electromagnetic surveys, airborne hyperspectral imaging, and drilling. The EU's R&D progress offers four key insights for the advancement of geophysical exploration technologies in China. ① Passive-source seismic methods and electrodynamic seismic generator are environmentally friendly technologies, and piezoelectric seismometers prove effective for exploring quartz deposits. ② Drone-based airborne geophysical exploration system is a critical R&D direction. ③ Logging-while-drilling may become one of the key R&D priorities in solid mineral exploration.④ Utilization of new partnership of government, institutions and enterprise could facilitate the commercialization and innovation of related technologies. This research not only identifies the EU's latest geophysical technology trends but also could provide strategic implications for China's R&D planning and project deployment in related fields.
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Key words:
- mineral exploration /
- geophysics /
- European Union /
- seism /
- aerogeophysics
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表 1 欧盟资助的矿产资源地球物理勘探技术项目及其重点研发方向
Table 1. Mineral resource geophysical exploration technology projects funded by the European Union and their major research and development fields
资助项目来源 资助项目中文名称 资助项目英文简称 重点研发方向 资助经费/欧元 “地平线2020”计划 环境友好、成本低廉的被动源地震矿产勘探技术 PACIFIC 地震 320万 创新勘探技术 NEXT 航空磁测、航空电磁 690万 创新的非侵入式勘探技术 INFACT 航空磁测、航空电磁、航空放射性、地面电磁、地面重力 562万 保障可持续矿产资源供给的创新勘探技术 Smart Exploration 地震、航空电磁、钻探 522万 用于勘探欧洲伟晶岩的绿色创新勘探工具 GREENPEG 地震、航空电磁、航空高光谱 925万 EIT原材料部门 用于地质填图的多传感器无人机系统 MULSEDRO 航空磁测、航空高光谱 - 用于矿产资源勘探的创新性地球物理测井工具 InnoLOG 地震、钻探 - 多用途勘探无人机 MuVerDrone 航空磁测 - 用于矿产资源勘探的地震成像技术 SIT4ME 地震 - 注: “-”表示无数据，资助经费一栏中，EIT相关项目网站未标明其经费资助情况，因此无具体数据。 
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表 2 不同地震方法的优缺点对比
Table 2. Advantages and disadvantages of different seismic methods
地震和成像方法 主动源地震技术 被动源地震技术 反射成像 面波层析成像 体波反射成像 原理 利用人工爆炸震源激发的地震反射波，得到地下结构和分层 利用环境噪声，使用层析成像方法对地下进行面波速度成像 利用环境噪声，采用互相关、反褶积和互相干等方法，从被动源地震记录中检索体波进行成像 典型目标 具有密度差异的水平到浅倾斜的单元，横向尺度有限的目标，如地下空洞或隧道 具有横向和纵向速度差异的构造 具有密度和速度差异的水平到倾斜的单元 缺点 需要主动震源;
成本较高;
潜在的安全风险
破坏环境;
需要进行大量预处理;
噪声信号弱;
需要特定的阵列设计依赖于噪声源特征;
无通用处理规则;
分辨率较低依赖于噪声源特征;
数据以面波能量主导;
提取体波无通用规则;
有时难以解释;
特殊阵列设计优点 能在有利环境中直接圈定矿体;
软件工具有明确的协议和行业标准;
分辨率更高;
能提供高分辨构造信息成本较低;
无需主动震源;
能通过速度变化圈定控矿岩石;
环境影响较小成本较低;
无需主动震源;
能够应用有行业标准的工具;
与主动地震反射法相似的流程;
如果存在高频噪声，可能分辨率较高
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