Spatial distribution characteristics and driving factors of soil thickness in low-hilly areas: A case study of Oroqen Autonomous Banner
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摘要:
土壤厚度是土壤的一个重要特性，能直接反映土壤的发育程度，与土壤肥力密切相关，是鉴别土壤肥力的重要指标。以内蒙古鄂伦春自治旗为研究区，选取与土壤厚度密切相关的10项指标，基于SPSS 22.0软件对数据进行主成分分析，利用ArcGIS10.7和地理探测器(GeoDetector)，研究低山丘陵区低成本、可快速获取、高精度的土壤厚度数字制图方法，并对土壤厚度空间变异驱动因子进行分析。结果显示: 鄂伦春自治旗土壤厚度空间分布规律整体表现为西北薄、东南厚，混淆矩阵精度验证结果显示总精度为74.32%，卡帕系数为0.744，表明鄂伦春自治旗土壤厚度数字制图结果跟实际高度一致; 单因子探测结果显示土壤类型、成土母质驱动因子对当地土壤厚度空间分布变异性有较强的解释力; 交互因子探测结果显示地形湿度指数∩径流强度系数的q值(0.58)大于地形湿度指数+径流强度系数的q值(0.47)，呈现非线性增强，其余因子间均表现出双因子增强，表明多因子交互作用对当地土壤厚度空间分布变异性的影响要大于单因子产生的影响。研究成果可为当地农业可持续发展、退耕还林、种植适宜性、国土空间规划提供科学依据。
Abstract:Soil thickness is a fundamental soil characteristic that directly reflects soil development, and it is closely related to soil fertility. It is also an important indicator to identify soil fertility. Taking Oroqen Autonomous Banner of Inner Mongolia as the study case, the authors in this paper selected 10 indicators closely related to soil thickness. The principal component analysis of these data were conducted by SPSS 22.0 software, and soil thickness digital mapping. method with the characteristic of low cost, rapid acquirability and high precision was probed by ArcGIS10.7 and GeoDetector. Besides, driving factors of the spatial variation of soil thickness was analyzed. The study reveals that soil thickness in Oroqen Autonomous Banner is distributed thinly in the northwest and thickly in the southeast, and the accuracy verification results of the confusion matrix indicates a total accuracy of 74.32% and the kappa coefficient of 0.744, indicating a high level of agreement with the actual situation. The single-factor detection results show that the soil type and the driving factor of soil-forming matrix significantly influence the spatial distribution variability of local soil thickness. The results of the interacting factor detection show that the q-value (0.58) of the terrain humidity index ∩ runoff intensity coefficient is larger than the q-value (0.47) of the terrain humidity index + runoff intensity coefficient, indicating a non-linearly enhancement. And the other factors show two-factor enhancement. This suggests that the effect of multifactor interaction on the local spatial distribution of soil thickness is greater than that of a single factor. This study could provide scientific basis for the sustainable development of local agriculture, returning ploughland to forests, planting suitability, and spatial planning of the national territory.
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Key words:
- principal component analysis /
- soil thickness /
- Oroqen Autonomous Banner /
- geodetector /
- low-hilly area
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表 1 主成分特征值及方差贡献率
Table 1. Principal component eigenvalues and variance contribution rates
主成分 初始特征值 提取载荷平方和 特征值 方差贡献率/% 累计贡献率/% 特征值 方差贡献率/% 累计贡献率/% F1 3.341 33.411 33.411 3.341 33.411 33.411 F2 3.155 31.550 64.960 3.155 31.550 64.960 F3 1.035 10.354 75.314 1.035 10.354 75.314 F4 0.680 6.799 82.113 — — — F5 0.669 6.695 88.808 — — — F6 0.580 5.803 94.611 — — — F7 0.381 3.815 98.426 — — — F8 0.157 1.574 100.000 — — — 注: “—”表示无数值。 
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表 2 鄂伦春自治旗土壤厚度空间分布因子探测器q值统计
Table 2. Statistics of q value for soil thickness spatial distribution factor detectors in Oroqen Autonomous Banner
驱动因子 平面曲率 剖面曲率 地形湿度指数 径流强度系数 土壤类型 成土母质 海拔 坡度 土地利用类型 植被覆盖度 q值 0.29 0.26 0.20 0.27 0.75 0.72 0.50 0.53 0.44 0.16
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表 3 交互因子对鄂伦春自治旗土壤厚度的影响
Table 3. Influence of interaction factors on the soil thickness in Oroqen Autonomous Banner
交互因子 q 交互因子 q 交互因子 q 土地利用∩海拔 0.64 剖面曲率∩成土母质 0.77 植被覆盖度∩径流强度系数 0.54 土地利用∩径流强度系数 0.53 剖面曲率∩土壤类型 0.80 植被覆盖度∩平面曲率 0.38 土地利用∩平面曲率 0.54 土壤类型∩海拔 0.82 植被覆盖度∩坡度 0.40 土地利用∩坡度 0.66 土壤类型∩径流强度系数 0.80 植被覆盖度∩地形湿度指数 0.59 土地利用∩地形湿度指数 0.50 土壤类型∩平面曲率 0.82 地形湿度指数∩海拔 0.32 土地利用∩植被覆盖度 0.48 土壤类型∩坡度 0.87 地形湿度指数∩径流强度系数 0.58 土地利用∩成土母质 0.79 土壤类型∩地形湿度指数 0.78 地形湿度指数∩平面曲率 0.55 土地利用∩土壤类型 0.80 土壤类型∩植被覆盖度 0.77 地形湿度指数∩坡度 0.39 土地利用∩剖面曲率 0.53 土壤类型∩成土母质 0.81 坡度∩海拔 0.56 剖面曲率∩海拔 0.59 成土母质∩海拔 0.84 坡度∩径流强度系数 0.71 剖面曲率∩径流强度系数 0.39 成土母质∩径流强度系数 0.77 坡度∩平面曲率 0.56 剖面曲率∩平面曲率 0.48 成土母质∩平面曲率 0.79 平面曲率∩海拔 0.58 剖面曲率∩坡度 0.57 成土母质∩坡度 0.83 平面曲率∩径流强度系数 0.65 剖面曲率∩地形湿度指数 0.36 成土母质∩地形湿度指数 0.75 径流强度系数∩海拔 0.41 剖面曲率∩植被覆盖度 0.37 成土母质∩植被覆盖度 0.76 径流强度系数∩海拔 0.62 注：“∩”表示两个因子间的交互作用。
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表 4 鄂伦春自治旗土壤厚度分级结果混淆矩阵
Table 4. Confusion matrix of soil thickness classification results in Oroqen Autonomous Banner
混淆矩阵 土壤厚度分级/cm 精度/% 一级(0, 28] 二级(28, 47] 三级(47, 64] 四级(64, 85] 五级(85, 115] 六级(115, 140] 七级(140, 160] 八级(>160) 总计 土壤厚度实测数据分级/cm 一级(0, 28] 11 5 0 1 1 0 0 0 18 61.11 二级(28, 47] 0 22 4 1 1 1 0 0 29 75.86 三级(47, 64] 0 0 12 2 1 2 0 0 17 70.59 四级(64, 85] 0 0 0 19 1 2 1 1 24 79.17 五级(85, 115] 0 0 1 0 15 0 2 2 20 75.00 六级(115, 140] 0 0 0 0 1 17 5 0 23 73.91 七级(140, 160] 0 0 0 1 0 1 4 0 6 66.67 八级(>160) 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 19 23 82.61 总计 11 27 17 24 21 23 15 22 160 74.38
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