Natural Evaporation Experiment of Sand Gravel Type Pore Brine in Qaidam Basin in Summer
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摘要:
这是一篇矿业工程领域的论文。柴达木盆地深层砂砾型孔隙卤水属高钙、高钠、低钾的不饱和氯化物型卤水，尚未开发。选取大浪滩矿区地下1 000～2 000 m处砂砾型孔隙卤水480 kg，在夏季自然状态下蒸发结晶，分析各离子在固、液相中的分布规律及盐类结晶规律、结晶形态，研究钾的主要析出特点。结果表明：在室外自然状态下蒸发时，析盐过程主要分为石盐→光卤石→水氯镁石→溢晶石四个阶段，其中石盐阶段析盐规律符合Na+，K+，Mg2+//Cl-—H2O 体系25 ℃ 相图，光卤石、水氯镁石阶段符合K+，Ca2+，Mg2+//Cl- —H2O体系25 ℃相图；钾有单独的析出阶段，该阶段钾主要以光卤石形态析出，钾的回收率达85.76%，钾混盐中K+含量9.27%，是生产钾肥的优质原料；钙在水氯镁石阶段之后析出。实验结果可为该类型卤水的开发利用提供参考。
Abstract:This is an article in the field of mining engineering. The deep sand gravel type pore brine in Qaidam Basin belongs to the unsaturated chloride type brine with high calcium, high sodium and low potassium. 480 kg of gravel-type pore brine at 1000～2000 meters underground in Dalangtan mining area was selected for the test, and evaporated and crysta-llized in the natural state in summer. The distribution law of ions in the solid and liquid phases, the salt crystallization law and crystal morphology were analyzed, and the main precipitation characteristics of potassium were studied. The results show when evaporating in the outdoor natural state, the salt precipitation process is mainly divided into four stages: halite→carnallite→bischofite→tachyhydrite. The salt evolution law in the halite stage conforms to the phase diagram of Na+, K+, Mg2+//Cl-—H2O at 25 ℃, and that in carnallite and bischofite stages conforms to the phase diagram of K+, Ca2+, Mg2+//Cl-—H2O system at 25 ℃. There is a separate precipitation stage of potassium, at which potassium is mainly precipitated in the form of carnallite, and the recovery rate of potassium is 85.76%. The K+content in the potassium mixed salt can reach 9.27%, which is a high quality raw material for the production of potassium fertilizer. Calcium precipitates after the brucite stage. The experimental results can provide references for the development and utilization of this type of brine.
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表 1 原始卤水化学组成/(mg/L)
Table 1. Chemical composition of original brines
K+* Na+* Ca2+* Mg2+* Cl+* SO42-* B2O3 Li+ Sr2+ Rb+ Cs+ Br- I- 3.95 87.06 4.57 10.65 177.7 1.90 103.6 5.06 64.34 0.44 0.037 45.57 2.72 *单位为g/L。 
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表 2 卤水化学组成
Table 2. Chemical composition of brine
编号 离子浓度/（g/L） pH值 密度 卤温 矿化度 相图指数(g/100g S) 相图指数(g/100g S) K+ Na+ Ca2+ Mg2+ Cl- /(g/cm3) /℃ /(g/L) NaCl KCl MgCl2 KCl CaCl2 MgCl2 L0 3.95 87.06 4.57 10.65 177.7 6.82 1.188 18.6 286.0 81.80 2.78 15.42 12.17 20.44 67.39 L1 4.91 94.4 5.13 12.17 197.6 6.39 1.207 28.1 315.9 80.80 3.15 16.05 13.14 19.94 66.92 L3-1 8.25 74.72 7.88 22.56 203.8 6.28 1.213 12.0 319.2 64.60 5.35 30.06 12.49 17.34 70.18 L5-2 12.90 53.44 11.79 36.00 221.7 5.91 1.229 12.0 344.4 45.07 8.16 46.78 12.41 16.47 71.12 L7-3 18.55 31.13 16.44 52.30 248.6 5.56 1.245 39.5 379.7 24.78 11.08 64.15 12.38 15.93 71.69 L11 22.28 15.10 19.10 66.17 270.6 5.05 1.273 23.0 394.5 11.29 12.49 76.22 11.98 14.92 73.10 L12-4 23.37 15.20 20.44 66.93 272.3 5.05 1.277 21.3 398.9 11.19 12.90 75.91 12.27 15.57 72.16 L13 22.88 14.23 20.84 69.55 276.9 5.00 1.284 19.0 405.6 10.27 12.39 77.35 11.67 15.44 72.89 L14 21.07 11.03 21.61 72.10 284.3 4.88 1.285 25.0 411.3 8.00 11.46 80.55 10.50 15.65 73.85 L15 18.63 10.31 23.02 74.31 287.0 4.82 1.290 16.0 414.6 7.43 10.07 82.50 9.10 16.33 74.57 L16 15.12 9.68 24.8 75.89 292.7 4.78 1.291 16.0 419.5 7.02 8.22 84.76 7.30 17.40 75.30 L18-5 9.70 7.11 27.80 79.38 292.9 4.62 1.293 20.9 423.5 5.20 5.32 89.48 4.55 18.94 76.51 L19 7.08 6.78 29.38 83.55 306.8 4.47 1.306 15.0 435.0 4.81 3.77 91.42 3.20 19.27 77.53 L22 2.46 3.81 34.23 91.48 336.5 3.97 1.330 18.0 470.1 2.60 1.26 96.14 1.02 20.70 78.27 L24 1.51 2.19 37.12 98.61 356.1 3.52 1.346 21.0 497.3 1.41 0.73 97.86 0.59 20.89 78.52 L25-6 1.35 2.43 37.77 98.47 360.4 3.59 1.349 21.0 504.8 1.56 0.65 97.78 0.52 21.22 78.26 L27-7 1.20 2.22 37.20 100.2 375.4 3.49 1.354 22.0 518.4 1.41 0.58 98.01 0.47 20.70 78.83 L30 1.01 2.23 45.31 102.5 384.9 3.22 1.368 21.0 538.3 1.39 0.47 98.14 0.36 23.73 75.91 L33-8 0.75 8.92 60.72 89.89 393.5 2.96 1.377 30.0 557.0 6.03 0.38 93.59 0.27 32.23 67.50 L35-9 0.52 2.48 63.48 86.60 380.5 2.63 1.378 17.0 538.4 1.82 0.29 97.89 0.19 34.07 65.74 L36 0.68 1.44 69.58 77.87 355.1 3.20 1.367 -1.0 508.6 1.18 0.42 98.40 0.26 38.61 61.13 L39-10 0.96 1.19 89.46 75.16 383.4 2.49 1.399 18.0 552.1 2.48 0.60 96.92 0.34 45.54 54.13 注：编号中带“-n"样为第n次固液分离时的卤水样。
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表 3 析出矿物组成
Table 3. Precipitated mineral composition
编号 卤水密度 盐含量/% /（g/cm3） NaCl CaCl2 KCl MgCl2 CaSO4•2H2O KCl•MgCl2•6H2O MgCl2•6H2O CaCl2•6H2O 合计 S1 1.207 81.59 0.37 0.31 0.82 2.47 - - - 85.56 S3-1 1.213 92.83 0.68 0.17 0.67 1.61 - - - 95.95 S5-2 1.229 95.46 0.28 0.44 1.25 0.77 - - - 98.20 S7-3 1.245 89.68 0.41 0.55 2.43 0.65 - - - 93.72 S11 1.273 83.69 0.69 0.61 3.21 0.22 - - - 88.41 S12-4 1.277 87.55 0.75 1.07 5.01 0.95 - - - 95.33 S13 1.284 70.68 1.27 10.43 4.27 0.18 - - - 86.83 S14 1.285 28.74 2.26 30.07 9.75 0.15 - - - 70.97 S15 1.290 10.18 0.83 - 5.35 0.041 75.97 - - 92.37 S18-5 1.293 19.64 0.97 - 2.40 0.26 70.85 - - 94.12 S22 1.306 10.58 2.40 - 10.72 0.054 55.93 - - 79.69 S23 1.330 11.31 2.90 - 12.68 0.059 47.26 - - 74.20 S24 1.346 13.02 4.23 - 16.50 0.054 31.41 - - 65.21 S25-6 1.349 13.15 2.30 - 10.21 0.22 55.36 - - 81.24 S27-7 1.354 22.93 3.16 - 12.22 0.41 38.53 - - 77.25 S32 1.368 3.33 2.35 - - 0.005 0.30 92.11 - 98.10 S33-8 1.377 4.04 2.14 - - 0.033 0.65 90.89 - 97.74 S35-9 1.378 0.68 7.43 - - 0.020 0.61 83.83 - 92.57 S36 1.367 1.13 - - - 0.004 0.29 5.32 93.21 99.95 S39-10 1.399 1.74 4.56 - - 0.018 0.25 88.15 - 94.72 注：Sx为和前一样品取样间隔内析出盐；Sx-n为第n次固液分离出的混合盐。
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表 4 物料汇总
Table 4. Material summary
料别 样号 产品名称 重量 产率 组分含量/% 分布率/% /kg /% K+ Na+ Ca2+ Mg2+ SO42- K+ Na+ Ca2+ Mg2+ SO42- 入 L0 原卤 480.00 100 0.33 7.33 0.38 0.90 0.16 100 100 100 100 100 出（入） L12-4 卤水 78.88 16.43 1.83 1.19 1.60 5.24 0.035 90.35 2.67 68.39 96.04 3.60 出 石盐 91.83 19.13 0.16 36.40 0.51 0.30 0.73 9.21 95.00 25.32 6.41 87.00 失水与损失 309.29 64.44 出（入） L25-6 卤水 41.43 8.63 0.10 0.18 2.80 7.30 0.008 2.59 0.21 62.86 70.28 0.43 出 光卤石 14.78 3.08 9.27 5.94 0.56 7.02 0.15 85.76 2.49 4.49 24.09 2.89 失水与损失 22.67 4.72 合计 97.56 97.71 92.67 100.78 90.32
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